With instant coffee, baby food, and bottled water in the mix, Nestl crunches more than just chocolate. The worlds #1 food and drinks company in terms of sales, Nestl is also the world leader in coffee (Nescaf). It also makes coffee for the home-brewing system, Nespresso. Nestl is one of the worlds top bottled water makers (Nestl Waters), one of the biggest frozen pizza makers (DiGiorno), and a big player in the pet food business (Friskies, Purina). Its most well-known global food brands include Buitoni, Dreyers, Maggi, Milkmaid, Carnation, and Kit Kat. The company also owns Gerber Products. North America is Nestls most important market.(1) Nestl has over 2,000 brands, which are made in 418 factories located in 86 countries, and employees nearly 330,000 employees selling products in 191 countries.(2) How does one feed this growing concern? Mergers and acquisitions is one answer, yet that does not solve the skills-gap issue faced worldwide. The firm credits their success to their topdown/ bottom-up approach to training. Top-Down. Their Rive-Reine International Training Centre in Switzerland, since the late 1980s, has served as the focal point for mentoring and training from senior management. Trainee selection matches local domestic managers candidate nominations, who hail from over 80 countries, with corporate-driven selection criteria usually resulting in a class of 15 to 20 nationalities from differing areas of expertise. Who teaches these classes? Course leaders as they are called provide instruction to about 1,700 managers and are comprised predominately of highly experienced executives from numerous locations, with consultants teaching only 25% of the 70 courses offered per annum. The courses have two differing foci: internal operations and working with external stakeholders. Executive Courses/Industry Analysis: This series of courses has been created to assist managers who attended management courses between five and ten years ago to develop the ability to identify and work with key external stakeholders (i.e., customers, competitors, suppliers). The focus is on industry analysis from the stakeholders point of view and the actions they might take (i.e., What are our competitors mostly likely actions and how do we counteract them?). Management Courses/Operations and Business Value Chain: Two-thirds of the classes in this program are taken by managers who have been with the company 5 years or less. Here managers learn about the firms business model (its internal operations) and the underlying values that drive that model.(3) Bottom-up. An important factor in Nestls productivity is the skill set of entry-level workers. Employers invest in the skills of new entrants as an alternative to hiring more experienced people, partly on grounds of cost but also for the opportunity to shape ways of working around specific technologies and processes and particular company values.(4) For most employees at Nestl to be successful, they must have a passion for learning, and their recruitment process emphasizes this. Once hired, employees training is predominately on-the-job (OTJ), where an employees supervisor serves as mentor, providing motivation and guidance to ensure employees growth. Before training can begin, whether formally or informally, employees must possess the basic skill set necessary for continued learning (i.e., reading, writing, computer usage, oral communications, etc.); this is usually provided through an employees schooling. In certain countries, their education may have been inadequate and the worker may decide to improve their skill set, especially in the area of communications. Special programs have been established to provide such training on a country-by-country basis. Once employees have acquired the basic skill set, individualized development formal training programs are created that increase workers knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs). New employees with high school or university qualifications inevitably enter management-training programs in their local centers. Local Training Centers. In addition to centralized training, residential training centers exist for many of their local operationsthe net effect being that people development occurs predominately at local centers. This decentralized approach for employee training and development makes each manager accountable and directly involved in employee learning. Coaching and counseling skills are therefore emphasized where needed through a myriad of programs. Besides training current managers, local centers look to develop future managers by developing supervisory skills of ex-apprentices as well as technical personnel in the areas of IT management, maintenance and electrical engineering. Specialists are also homegrown through continuous training, given local market and employment conditions. Those seeking a purely administrative career path will find that OJT plays a critical role supported by in-house training. Even at the local level, outsourcing of training and education increases with an employees rank and use of new technologies. Production is one of the key success factors for Nestl, and therefore employees (two-thirds of whom work in factories) need continuous OTJ on new factory technology and equipment; the faster the change, the greater the need for training. New technology also means learning how to work better and differently with others. Team and inter-team management training (including self-managed work teams) focusing on developing flex-manufacturing capabilities is needed in order to maximize equipment utilization. Training methods are also changing with the times, especially related to the Internet. Distance learning, the use of information technology to deliver content, has led to the new methods of corporate instruction and special corporate training assistants and has allowed employees to obtain training and education that align with their life styles. For example, employees in Singapore are given the option to attend online, job-related night courses, which, if they lead to some formal qualification (i.e., certificate, diploma, degree), would qualify for cost reimbursement.(5) The Singapore example indicates that although there is a commonality of training among local centers, training can be significantly different by location. New employees at Nestl take management-training courses, but the approach of these courses varies widely by country. For example, in Japan the courses are short and usually last about 3 days each. In India, however, the programs run for 12 months. In West African countries, the management training programs run even longer, typically 1824 months.

What are the advantages of using multiple training methods? What could be the potential risks of using multiple training methods?