Write a financial report for a Malaysia-based investment holding company ,Bermaz Auto Berhad (Formerly Known As Berjaya Auto Berhad) about Market Ratios Analysis, describe Time Series Effect,Cross-Sectional Effect (at least 400 words)

Brief Financial Ratio Analysis - Market Ratios

A. Time Series Effect

1. Price Earnings Ratio

Price Earnings Ratio=Market Price Per Share of Common StockEarnings Per Share

Time-series Analysis of Bermaz Auto Berhad	2019	2020	2021
Market Price Per Share of Common Stock (RM)	1.90	1.90	1.57
Earnings Per Share	0.2264	0.0866	0.01149
Price Earnings Ratio	8.39	21.94	136.64

2. Market/Book Ratio

Market/Book Ratio=Market Price Per Share of Common StockBook Value Per Share of Common Stock

Book Value Per Share of Common Stock=Common Stock Equity + Retained EarningsNumber of Common Stock Outstanding

Time-series Analysis of Bermaz Auto Berhad	2019	2020	2021
Market Price Per Share of Common Stock (RM)	1.90	1.90	1.57
Retained Earnings (RM)	355,585	248,094	344,505
Common Stock Equity (RM)	564,625	470,055	565,417
Number of Common Stock Outstanding (unit)	1,159,741	3,412,700	1,130,000
Book Value Per Share of Common Stock (RM)	0.7935	0.2104	0.8052
Market/Book Ratio	2.3945	9.0304	1.9498

B. Cross-Sectional Effect

1. Price Earnings Ratio

Cross-sectional Analysis in 2021	Bermaz Auto Berhad	UMW Holdings Berhad	DRB-HICOM Berhad
Market Price Per Share of Common Stock (RM)	1.57	0.50	1.90
Earnings Per Share	0.01149	0.2300	-0.1533
Price Earnings Ratio	136.64	2.1739	-12.3940

2. Market/Book Ratio

Cross-sectional Analysis in 2021	Bermaz Auto Berhad	UMW Holdings Berhad	DRB-HICOM Berhad
Market Price Per Share of Common Stock (RM)	1.57	0.50	1.90
Retained Earnings (RM)	344,505	3,434,152	4,130,915
Common Stock Equity (RM)	565,417	4,004,690	7,202,716
Number of Common Stock Outstanding (unit)	1,130,000	1,168,294	1,933,237
Book Value Per Share of Common Stock (RM)	0.8052	6.3672	5.8625
Market/Book Ratio	1.9498	0.07853	0.3241