• write a journal article review of the following article in 1000 words.
• Summary of the article's thesis, methods, and major findings (as applicable)
• How does this journal article relate to the topic of systems thinking as it relates to the health system? (relevance)
• What legal, policy, or ethical concerns should health professionals or community leaders consider related to this topic? (application)
• How might this issue change or evolve in the next five years? (assessment)
• Use APA style. This includes an abstract, major section headers, in-text citations, and a reference page.

International Journal of 2 of 27 Environmental Research and Public Health MDPI Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3392 45% of teens said they use the internet "almost constantly", a figure nearly doubling from Review the 24% in the 2014-2015 survey. An additional 44% said they go online several times a day, Impact of Social Media Use on Mental Health within indicating that roughly nine-in-ten teens go online at least multiple times per day (7]. Adolescent and Student Populations during COVID-19 SM has become an increasingly important part of adolescents' daily lives [7] and the COVID-19 pandemic has further accelerated this trend [8,9]. Many adolescents and Pandemic: Review students have turned to SM to stay connected with their friends and peers and access information and entertainment during a time when in-person interactions have been Marija Drazenovic 10, Tea Vukusic Rukavina 2* and Lovela Machala Poplasen 20 greatly restricted [10,11]. SM provides data on the pandemics, but also makes available lots of misinformation. The positive impact of SM during the lockdown is the provision of valuable means for Leadership and Management of Health Se al of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia social contact. Still, it can also cause poorer sleep quality, lower self-esteem and higher Andrija Stampar School of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia levels of anxiety and depression [12]. US-based research [7] investigating the impact of Correspondence: tvukusicilianz hir SM on teen lives, found that a plurality of teens (45%) believe SM has neither positive nor negative effect on people of their age. Roughly three-in-ten teens (31%) say SM impacts Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed our lives By increased screen time mostly positively while the remaining 24% describe its effect as mostly negative. The during the pandemic, social media (SM) could have significa scents' and students' most significant positive impact of SM use is connecting with friends and family [7]. The mental health (MH). This literature review aims to synthesize the research on the impact of SM study by Coyne et al. [13] found that the time spent using SM was unrelated to individual usage on MH of adolescents and students during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. A review changes in depression or anxiety. Contrariwise, a study by O'Reilly et al. [14] observing of the published literature was conducted in April 2021, through a search of PubMed and Web adolescents between 11-18 years suggested that adolescents perceived SM as a threat to of Science Core Collection databa s, with 13 articles se mental well-being. SM can provide a sense of connection using technology to connect and for this review. Most of the included studies negative impact of SM use on MH of support those isolated or feeling isolated due to physical social distant g measures [15]. It adolescents and students, mos and stress. More active can also be a useful tool for staying informed about the latest developments related to the and prolonged SM usa pandemic and accessing resources and support [16]. In contrast, the main negative impacts include bullying/rumor spreading, harm to relationships due to lack of individual contact, Two studies recorded some potenti port in coping and providing a unrealistic views of others' lives and the onset of distraction/ addiction [7]. sense of connection for those who w zasures. Since this review This study aims to synthesize the existing research on the impact of SM use during check for focuses on the early period of the pandemic, future studies should investigate the long-term impact updates the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, related to the MH of adolescents and students. of SM use on adolescents and students MH, with all relevant elements that can enable adequate Citation: Dealenovic, M; Vululic The following questions guided our inquiry: Does SM use during the first year of the public health response. Rukavina, T; Machala Poplaion, L COVID-19 pandemic have a predominantly positive or negative impact on MH within Impact of Social Media Ley in the adolescent and student population? Which MH components have been impacted the Mental Health within Adolescent and Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, mental health; internet, social media; adolescent; student most by SM use during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic within the adolescent and Student Popula luring student population? COVID-19 Pande : Review. Int. Environ. Bra. Public Health 2023, 20, 2. Materials and Methods 3902. http:://doi.org/10:130/ 1. Introduction 2.1. Design The COVID-19 pandemic is not the first pandemic in the history of humanity, but it is This literature review was conducted in accordance with the guidelines for the pre- Academic Editors Paul R. undoubtedly the most severe one since the influenza pandemic in 1918. It has led to unprece ferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses [17], with minor modifica Chounwon, Glaciann Scainda dented mitigation efforts that disrupted the daily lives of most of the world's population. tions where appropriate. usuppina Lo Mom Beyond the general health repercussions of the pandemic itself, these mitigation The need to assess the impact of SM use during the first year of the COVID-19 pan- mandates, including school closures and and widespread lockdowns, combined with economic demic on MH of adolescents and students is an important health issue. The narrative lived: 30 December 2102 instability, fear of infection and uncertainty for the future, also present a challenge to the qualitative synthesis was undertaken with the guidance of the PRISMA (Preferred Report- Revised: 11 February 20123 mental health (MH) of many [1]. In particular, this might affect adolescents and students, ing Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) 2020 Statement [18]. Accepted: 13 February 2023 who highly rely on social contact with their peers [2]. Published: 15 February 2013 MH is most affected by internal and external stressors during adolescence. The effect 2.2. Search Strategy of stress in adolescents is exacerbated when accompanied by other stressors, such as the A literature search was performed on 30 April 2021 using two databases, PubMed and O lack of sufficient internal or external resources or poorly developed coping skills [3]. Being Web of Science Core Collection. Copyright: @ hits by the authors. deprived of social contacts and forced to adjust to online education, while going through a The searches were conducted using the following defined search terms: ("covid 19" License MDI, Boat, critical developmental stage, adolescents and students might suffer more severe effects of [MeSH Terms] OR "covid 19 vaccines" [MeSH Terms] OR "covid 19 serotherapy" [All This article is an open access the COVID-19 pandemic-related stressors than the general population [4]- Fields] OR "covid 19 nucleic acid testing" [MeSH Terms] OR "covid 19 serological testing" distributed under the bums and As reported by UNESCO, at its peak, the pandemic had a significant worldwide impact [MeSH Terms] OR "covid 19 testing" [MeSH Terms] OR "sars cov 2" [MeSH Terms] OR ditions of the Couative Commons on the lives of more than 1.6 billion students [5]. In China, nearly 40.4% of the sampled severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" [All Fields] OR "ncov" [All Fields] Attribution (CC BY) license (https/ / youth were prone to psychological problems, and 14.4% suffered from post-traumatic OR "2019 ncov" [All Fields] OR "coronavirus" [MeSH Terms] OR "cov" [All Fields]) any/lia stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms [6]- Social media (SM) has been gaining an increasingly AND ("social media" [MeSH Terms] OR "social networking" [MeSH Terms] OR "twitter" prominent role in adolescents' lives in recent decades, especially in recent years. In 2018, [All Fields] OR "youtube" [All Fields] OR "WeChat" [All Fields] OR "Sina" [All Fields]) Int. J. Environ. Kes. Public Health 2023, 20, 3392. http::/ /doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043392 http:://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerphInf. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3392 3 of 22 Int. J. Environ. Kes. Public Health 2023, 20, 3392 4 of 22 AND ("mental health" [MeSH Terms]). The search strategy was limited to studies pub- 3. Results lished in English. The full search strategy used for each database has been included in 3.1. Search Results Supplementary Table 51. The literature search retrieved 1136 records (641 from PubMed, 495 from Web of Science 2.3. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Core Collection) and after removing duplicates 806 titles and abstracts were screened. Following title and abstract screening, a further 781 articles were excluded leaving 25 to be Studies were included in this review if they were original research focused primarily screened by full text. Twelve articles did not meet the eligibility criteria following full text on the impact of SM use during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, related to the screening. Thus, a total of 13 studies were finally included in this review [21-33]. MH of adolescents and students. The PRISMA flow diagram of the study selection and review process is displayed in Studies were excluded from this review if they were not in English; were not original Figure 1 primary research: reviews, reports, abstracts only, case studies, letters, opinions, commen- taries, policies, guidelines or recommendations; did not focus primarily on the SM use effect on MH of adolescents or students; and if SM posts were used for content analysis, Records identified through database which was not focused on MH issues. searching: Identification 2.4. Data Collection Process and Extraction PubMed [n =641), Wos (n-495] Total [n = 1136) Following the search, conducted by an information retrieval specialist (LMP), all references captured by the search engine were uploaded into the reference management software Zotero 6.2 (the Corporation for Digital Scholarship, Virginia, and the USA). Duplicates were identified and removed by MD. The remaining references were uploaded into the Rayyan collaborative tool [19]. Rayyan is a web application and mobile app for systematic reviews. It eases the process of the initial screening of abstracts and titles and Records after duplicates removed helps researchers save time when they share and compare include-exclude decisions. (n = 806) Records excluded Initial screening was done by two researchers (MD and TVR) limiting results to those (n = 781) that complied with eligibility criteria. Full texts of 25 papers were as sed for eligibility in detail against the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the review. Thus, a total of 13 studies (1) were not original primary were finally included in this review. Any disagreements between the reviewers at each Records screened research: reviews, reports, abstracts only, case studies, stage of the study selection process were resolved through discussion. (n = 806] letters, opinions, commentaries, One author (MD) used a standardized form developed by the research team to extract Screening policies, guidelines or the details of the included studies. Data were extracted from each study, including: (1) the recommendations [n = 22:3) first author and year of publication, (2) the study title, (3) the country of origin, (4) the study (7) did not focus primarily on SM use effect on MH [n-429] objective, (5) the study design, (6) the study method/sampling, (7) sample characteristics, (3) research not focused on (8) mental issues observed, (9) positive vs. negative SM impact on MH observed and adolescents or students (n=129) (10) main results and conclusions relevant to the impact of SM use on MH of adolescents or students. A second author (TVR) verified the extracted information and checked for accuracy and completeness. Differences were resolved through discussion. The agreed evidence was then synthesized narratively. 2.5. Assessment of Risk of Bias The risk of bias was graded according to the JBI Critical Appraisal tool, "Checklist Full-text articles assessed Full-text articles excluded, with reasons (n = 12) for Analytical Cross-sectional Studies" and "Checklists for Cohort Studies" [20] by one for eligibility In =25) (4) did not focus primarily on SM experienced reviewer (TVR). The evaluation was based on answers to 8 questions (yes, no, Eligibility use effect on NH [n=?) unclear or not applicable, for cross-sectional studies) or answers to 11 questions (yes, no, (5) research not focused on unclear or not applicable, for cohort studies). The studies were classified as having low adolescents or students (n=4) (0) SM posts were used for (>70%), moderate (40-70%) or high (