You have been hired by the U.S. bicycle team to help them train for the Tour de France. The head trainer recently read an article, which presents the results of a study about the effects of the consumption of chocolate (dark chocolate and white chocolate) on a number of important outcome variables during cycling. These outcome variables included: oxygen consumption (ml/kg/min), heart rate (bpm), blood lactate (BLa), blood pressure (mmHg), and an all-out bicycle sprint performance (meters).

The experimental setup consisted of a randomized crossover design where the various outcome variables of n = 9 male participants was measured in two trials after participants consumed either dark chocolate (40 grams of Dove) or white chocolate (40 grams of Milkybar), each for two weeks. A crossover design is a repeated measurements design such that each subject receives the two different treatments (dark chocolate versus white chocolate) during the different two-week time periods, i.e., the patients cross over from one treatment to another during the course of the experiment. The order of which treatment was received in the first time period was randomized. Prior to receiving the first treatment, each participant underwent baseline measurements on the outcome variables.

The trainer was specifically interested in the results for the all-out sprint performance which measured the distance traveled (in meters) for a two-minute time trial. He would like to know how the regular consumption of chocolate affects the total distance covered during an all-out sprint and if the type of chocolate consumed matters.

Some of these results are presented in the attachment.

Some of these results are presented in the table below. Distance Covered (in meters = m) during Time Trial* Note: 1': = 9 for each condition Baseline White chocolate {WC} Dark chocolate [0:] Mean {m} 136? 1419 1 606 Std de'v {m} 171 248 1 58 pwalue (compared to baseline} - 0319 0.001