You want to assess whether countries with more environmental organizations have lower rates of deforestation (forest loss). You measure environmental organizations as the rate of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working on environmental issues within a country per one million people in the population. Deforestation was measured based on analysis of W satellite photography. For each country, the rate of deforestation was calculated as the hectares (area) of forests cut or cleared between 2001 to 2014. divided by the total forest area in the baseline year 2000. Which of the following is the most appropriate measure of association to use for this research? a) Lambda b) Gamma c} Pearson chi square d] Pearson'sr Workers at a company conducted a survey about their managers. Workers rated whether management was essential to completing their jobs, using a vepoint scale from "not essential\" (lowest) to \"very essential\" {highest}. Workers rated the following levels of management: team leader (lowest), assistant manager. regional manager, chief operating ofcer, executive vice president, and chief executive officer [highest]. Based on the survey responses of 527 workers from the 12 largest district ofces in 3 regions where the company operates, the measure of association was gamma = 0.36. Which of the following is a correct substantive interpretation of this statistic? a) There is a moderate negative association between workers and management b) In larger district ofces. workers rate management as less essential c} Higher levels of management were rated as less essential d] There is a negative correlation between level of management and rating Given a distribution of exam scores. if your Z-score on this exam is 02?, then your score was the mean score. a) above b) below c} equalto d] cannot tell from the infon'nation given Standardizing a variable a) makes the value of the standard deviation range from -1 to +1 b) converts the original values into a normal distribution c} can only be done for variables that are not skewed (symmetric) d] re-centers and re-scales the distribution If there is a statistical relationship between two variables, this means that a) the two variables have a positive correlation b) the two variables are not statistically independent c} the dependent variable can be used to make an improved prediction of the independent variable d] it does not matter which variable is used as the dependent variable since the two are related Which of the following is an asymmetrlc measure of association? a) Lambda b) Gamma c} Pearson'sr d] Chi-square What are the units attached to the Pearson's r correlation coefcient? a) percent squared b) the product of the units of the variables c} it has no units attached to it a] a ratio of the reduction in prediction errors E2-E1 divided by E1 Can two interval-ratio level variables be statistically related even if the correlation coefcient is 0'? a) Yes b) No c} Only when the dependent and independent variables are switched a] Only when the dependent variable is highly skewed What does it mean to say a measure of association is \"symmetric\"? a] The association will be the same regardless of which variable is selected as the dependent variable and which is selected as the independent variable b) The calculation is based on tba.a.table with a symmetrical number of rows and columns c) Two different measures are said to be symmetric when they yield the same results d] For an ordinal level variable. when the ordering can either be low to high or high to low Calculations (55%) Instructions: Use the formula sheet and your calculator to answer the following questions. Show all calculations, when necessary, in order to receive full credit. Use the information in the table to answer the questions below #10-13 (4 questions x 5% each = 20%) Student Minutes studied (x) Exam score (y) A 145 74 0.9 -0.69 B 135 77 0.7 0.35 C 100 78 0 0.69 D 25 72 1.5 -1.38 E 55 75 -0.9 0.35 140 80 0.8 .38 X = 100 y = 76 S& = 50 Sy = 2.9 10. Calculate the correlation coefficient between minutes studied and exam score. 11. What is the slope of the regression line (b) of the association between minutes studied and exam score? 12. What is the y-intercept of the regression line? 13. What is the predicted exam score for a student who studied 100 minutes?Read the following scenario, then answer question #14551.) The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a 'civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life. including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places that are open to the general public.\" Research in the eld of disability studies has found that there is a relationship between community support for people with disabilities and the amount of discrimination actually experienced by people living with a disability. In your study. you include 22 communities in upstate and westem New York. To measure discrimination, you obtain the rate [per capita) of ADA complaints led against local government ofces (e.g., post ofce, city hall}. public schools. and private businesses over the past year. To measure community support, your survey asks residents to rate their perceived community support for people with disabilities, on a scale of U 100 (with higher values indicating more support). The mean support is 72 with a standard deviation of 8. The mean discrimination is 18 with a standard deviation of 4. When you analyze the data, you nd a con-elation of r = -.58 between community support and discrimination: more support is associated with less discrimination. 14. How much variation in discrimination can be explained by community support? OPTIONAL EXTRA CREDIT: what is the slope of the best-fitting line (b) between x and y'? Read the following scenario, then answer questions #15-1?r {3 questions I 5% each = 15%) The General Social Survey asks respondents about their confidence in the people who run important social institutions: \"l am going to name some institutions in this country. As far as the people running these institutions are concerned. would you say you have a great deal of condence. only some condence. or hardly anyr condence at all in them ?" Two institutions that the 635 asks about are education and the press. You want to explore whether there is a statistical relationship between these two variables. 15. Calculate the expected frequencies for the table ifthe two variables were statistically independent: CONFIDENCE IN EDUCATION CONFIDENCE IN PRESS a great deal only some hardly any Total 3 great deal 159 only some 812 hardly any 981 Total 436 1090 356 1932 16. What statistic is an appropriate measure of association between these two variables? 17. SPSS reports that the measure of association is 0.33. Provide a substantive Interpretation of this statistic