You were gave a research proposal titled: Effects of Information Visualization on the Achievement of Learning Outcomes for Elementary School Students. Or Any Proposal Title of your choice, Just mention the title name here.

Based on this research proposal that you have prepared for the Research Methods for Education course.

1. Plan how the research process will be carried out.

2a. Describe three (3) principles of research ethics related to your research. 2b. Explain two (2) implications if you do not adhere to these research ethics.

3a. Discuss the importance of conceptual framework in your research. 3b. Construct and describe your conceptual framework.

4. The pandemic of COVID-19 has affected your planning to determine sampling and collection of research data. a. Describe the sampling design that has been planned b. What is the problem faced in the process of sampling and data collection? c. How do you overcome the problem?

below is the proposal to answer the above question.:

Research Topics: Effects of Information Visualization on the Achievement of Learning Outcomes for Elementary School Students

Literature Review This section provides a detailed review of relevant literature on the effects of information visualization on the learning outcomes of elementary school students. It involves a review of how information visualization is applied in education as well as elementary schools to outline the research gap.

Concepts of Information Visualization in Education The use of information visualization, particularly in education, is not a new concept. According to Klerkx, Verbert, and Duval (2014), it has been used in maps and drawings for many years. Nowadays, the field of visualization is rapidly growing, with much application in various disciplines to enhance knowledge and visual analytics. As such, information visualization mainly aims at enabling learners to understand the abstract data for which there may be no natural physical reality. According to Pinto, Raposo, and Ramos (2012), information visualization is a powerful method presenting the data to provide insights and make it understandable by the target group. Pinto et al. further outlines that the discipline is increasingly applied as an essential component in scientific research to assist new readers in becoming aware of its significance in enhancing understanding. Additionally, information visualization is gaining popularity in education due to its ability to take advantage of the broad bandwidth of the human eyes into the mind by allowing the students to see, explore and understand large amounts of data. According to Lam, Bertini, Isenberg, Plaisant, and Carpendale (2011), Information visualization has a wide variety of uses in learning. For instance, they have led to the increased use of intelligent tutoring systems, which enables students to interact. As such, information visualization in education is being regarded as intelligent because it has the capacity to personalize the teaching technique of the course material based on the past performance of the students. They do so by storing a representation of the student, where they base their teaching decisions on. Information Visualization and Learning Outcomes of Elementary Schools Students A study conducted by Banerjee, Murthy, and Iyer (2015) that aimed to investigate the impact of visualization on the performance of college students found that visualization has significant impacts on the behavioral engagement and higher perception of learning among students. These findings were based on the comparison with the instructor's commentary teaching strategy. The study also found that there were statistically significant higher cognitive achievements based on the level of problem-solving for the group that used information visualization. Shabiralyani, Hasan, Hamad, and Iqbal (2015), in the study on the impacts of visualization in enhancing the learning process, also explored the teachers perceptions. Specifically, the study investigated whether the use of visual information aids is associated with improved learning outcomes. The study concluded that the adoption of visualization learning in classrooms helps increases the level of understanding and helps in saving the amount of time that would otherwise be used in explaining a concept. Besides, information visualization using visual aids helps in stimulating the thinking capacity of students and hence improving the learning environment. Shabiralyani et al. further argued that effective use of visualization in learning substitutes a monotonous learning environment, which consequently boosts the students' learning outcomes. Moreover, Shatri and Buza (2017) investigated the effects of visualization in the teaching and learning process on the enhancement of the thinking capacity of students. Shatri et al. argued that effective teaching of students could only be achieved through the development of their thinking capacity. This consequently helps in enhancing the learning of students and their performance in general, making them solve problems in their fields. Besides, Shatri et al. pointed out that the use of information visualization in teaching helps in boosting their communication, critical thinking, as well as providing analytical methods of solving different methods. The study established that information visualization has positive effects on the development of critical thinking of students, which generally improves their overall performance. The study also highlighted that visualization helps in motivating students to learn by increasing their level of cooperation and developing their skills for a critical approach. Chevalier et al. (2018) explored the perceptions of visualization literacy among elementary school students. In this case, the study aimed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the methods used by teachers to instruct elementary students and how the students acquire basic skills in elementary schools. The study found that the use of information visualization in teaching elementary students is essential for combating misinformation and fostering the journey towards a more informed society, particularly if infused at an early age.

Research Gap Another study by zkan, Arikan, zkan (2018) explored the visualization skills among elementary school students. zkan et al. argued that information visualization is among the most effective method that helps students to internalize concepts and to establish an association between them. The study further outlined that visualization is very important, particularly in teaching mathematics, which is perceived as the combination of abstract concepts. Despite the effectiveness and the significance of the information visualization in teaching elementary students, the current study established that most students experience various problems in using visual models and thus consider using calculation methods. As such, to assess the effects of information visualization on the learning outcomes of elementary students, the current study aimed to assess the effects of information visualization on understanding level of elementary students as well as evaluating the significant difference in learning outcomes of the student between those who used the methods and those who did not.

Objective of Study The main objective of this research will be to investigate the impact of information visualization on the achievement of learning outcomes for elementary school students.

Specific Objectives The specific objectives of this study will be; 1. To examine the effects of information visualization on reading comprehension level of elementary students measured using Lexile scores. 2. To assess whether there are significant differences in students outcomes between those that use information visualization and those who do not. 3. To determine the effects of information visualization on the learning outcomes of elementary students. Research questions The corresponding research questions will be; 1. Do information visualization on the reading comprehension level of elementary students? 2. Is there a significant difference in learning outcomes of the student based on those who are taught by the use of information visualization strategy and those who were not? 3. Does information visualization influence the overall learning outcomes of elementary students?

Methodology This chapter presents a detailed explanation of the methods used to collect and analyze the data to achieve the proposed research questions. As such, it provides a clear description of the data collection process, characteristics of the target population, and the sampling procedure. It also outlines the data analysis procedure detailing the appropriate tests that will be performed.

Research strategy A research strategy can be defined as a technique as well as the process of gathering and analyzing the collected data to make conclusive statements about the proposed research questions (Nardi, 2018). This study will employ a quantitative research strategy. Nard et al. outline that a quantitative strategy involves the collection of numerical data and making generalizations on a particular study. The approach was chosen because it enhances knowledge development using observable variables. The approach was also employed as it enables the researcher to assess various variables to predict, explain, and monitor the overall nature of the research questions.

Research design Research design can be defined as the overall outlay and plan, used to integrate the various research components logically and coherently (Vogt, Gardner, and Haeffele, 2012). Research designs are generally important in research as they serve as guidelines in making decisions relating to the research methods. The current study will employ a survey research design. According to Nardi et al. (2018), survey research design helps in collecting data from a sample of participants to create a quantitative description of attributes relating to the phenomenon under study. As such, surveys help in gathering information that reflects the attitudes, behaviors, opinions, and beliefs that cannot be observed directly. The design was selected because it helps in describing aspects and well as conducting inferential tests useful for making predictions about the data (Nardi et al., 2018).

Population and Sampling Procedure According to Mertens (2014), the target population refers to a group of entities or people who have commonly known attributes. Conversely, sampling can be defined as the technique of selecting and analyzing a smaller set of the target population to generalize the population under study (Taherdoost, 2016). The target population in this study will be elementary school students. The students were chosen because they were familiar with the information visualization teaching techniques and also aware of their students performance. The current study will also employ a simple random sampling technique during data collection. This approach was chosen because it ensures that all the members of the target population have an equal chance of being included in the sample (Levy & Lemeshow, 2013).

Instrumentation and Data Collection According to Terrell (2012) can be defined as the process of choosing and structuring a suitable data collection tool. Choosing the best tool helps the researcher to measure the variables and items of interest during the data collection process. As such, instrumentation in research has to consider a description of the conditions under which the data collection tool should be administered to the target population. The current study will utilize structured questionnaires as data collection tools. The questionnaires will be structured to include only a close-ended question to enhance the collection of numerical data suitable for quantitative research studies. The researcher will then randomly administer the designed questions to elementary students in several elementary schools.

Methods of Data Analysis Methods of data analysis refer to the process of producing meaningful statistical insights through the conversion of the collected data into information (Ott and Longnecker, 2015). This study will employ a statistical analysis approach to provide comprehensive insights into the data. The data collected using the survey will be coded into Statistical Software for Social Sciences (SPSS) for analysis. The data will then be tested for missing values and outliers and appropriate methods to deal with such missing values and outliers conducted. A reliability test for the Likert scale items will then be conducted using Cronbachs Alpha. If the values of this test will be greater than 0.5, the survey questionnaire will be considered to be reliable for analysis (Bonett and Wright, 2015). Descriptive analysis will then be performed for the demographic variables using means, standard deviations, and frequency tables. For the inferential statistical tests to answer the research questions, an independent t-test was used to determine whether there was a significant difference between the group that was exposed to visualization and those who were not. Additionally, correlation analysis will be used to assess the relationship between understanding level and learning outcomes of students.

Validity and Reliability A validity test helps in measuring how well a statistical test evaluates the assigned function without significant changes (Drost, 2011). The validity of this study was achieved through a pilot study. This helped in ensuring that the collected and the deduced are valid for replication by other researchers. On the other hand, reliability can be defined as a measure of how well the test score is. This consequently helps in determining the consistency and the stability of the test statistics (Bonett et al., 2015). In this study, the researcher evaluated the reliability of the research instruments using Cronbach's Alpha.

Ethical Considerations In the current study, the researcher will interact with the participants. As such, ethical issues might arise. The researcher will thus ensure that the respondents are not subjected to any physical harm. The study researcher will also maintain the respect, dignity, and justice of the participants. The researcher will then use informed consent to inform the participants that they have the freedom to take part in the survey and that the data will not be used for any other purposes other than for research.