For each of the following studies, indicate which scale of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio) is being used for the behavior being measured.

1. Sally wishes to discover whether the children of Republicans and Democrats are more likely to major in the sciences, humanities, or business.

2. Jack decides to investigate whether rats that have learned one maze will learn a second one more quickly (i.e., show fewer errors) than naïve rats.

3. Jim hypothesizes that children will rank TV movies higher if they are in color but that adults’ rankings won’t be affected by color.

4. Nancy believes somatotype changes with age, so she proposes to use Sheldon’s scale to measure somatotypes for a group of people on their tenth, fifteenth, and twentieth birthdays.

5. Susan is interested in the phenomenon of helping behavior and believes whether or not someone helps will be influenced by weather—the chances of someone helping will be greater on sunny than on cloudy days.

6. Dave wishes to determine which of five new varieties of beer will be liked best (i.e., recognized as number 1) by the patrons of his bar.

7. Ellen is interested in how students perceive the safety of various campus buildings. She asks a sample of students to arrange a deck of cards in a pile, each containing the name of a campus building, with the safest building on top and the least safe building on the bottom.

8. Pat believes people with an obsessive‐compulsive disorder will make fewer formatting errors on APA‐style lab reports than those without the disorder.

9. Jesse is interested in gender differences in shyness and gives a 15‐item shyness test to groups of men and women. Each item is a statement (e.g., I have difficulty talking to strangers) that responders rate on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) through 5 (strongly agree).

10. Francis wishes to know whether age differences (comparing people in their twenties with those in their fifties) exist for those who consider themselves either morning people (best able to perform cognitive tasks then) or evening people.