Think of a study that might test each of the following hypotheses.

For each, indicate whether you think the independent variable should be a between‐ or a within‐subjects variable or whether either approach would be reasonable. Explain your decision in each case.

1. A neuroscientist hypothesizes that damage to the primary visual cortex is permanent in older animals.

2. A sensory psychologist predicts that it is easier to distinguish slightly different shades of gray under daylight than under fluorescent light.

3. A clinical psychologist thinks that phobias can be cured by repeatedly exposing the person to the feared object and not allowing the person to escape until the person realizes the object really is harmless.

4. A developmental psychologist predicts cultural differences in moral development.

5. A social psychologist believes people will solve problems more creatively when in groups than when alone.

6. A cognitive psychologist hypothesizes that giving subjects repeated tests of verbal information will lead to greater retention than asking subjects to study the verbal information repeatedly.

7. A clinician hypothesizes that people with obsessive‐compulsive disorder will be easier to hypnotize than people with a phobic disorder.

8. An industrial psychologist predicts that worker productivity will increase if the company introduces flextime scheduling (i.e., work eight hours, but start and end at different times).