11.5 When translating your questionnaire you will need to ensure that: • the precise meaning of individual words is kept (lexical equivalence); • the meanings of groups of words and phrases that are natural to a native speaker but cannot be translated literally are kept (idiomatic equivalence); • the correct grammar and syntax are used. In addition, you should, if possible, use back translation, parallel translation or mixed translation techniques to ensure that there are no differences between the source and the target questionnaire.