• Based on knowledge that has accumulated since Szasz first wrote his book, which mental illnesses should be classified as problems of living? Which as diseases? In 1961, the psychiatrist Thomas Szasz (1920–2012) shocked the psychiatric establishment by making a bold claim that mental illness does not exist. In his controversial book The Myth of Mental Illness, Szasz, a long-time critic of the psychiatric establishment, argued that mental illness is a myth, a convenient fiction society uses to stigmatize and subjugate people whose behavior it finds to be deviant, odd, or bizarre

(Szasz, 1960, 2011). To Szasz, the so-called mental illnesses are really “problems in living,” not diseases in the same way that influenza, hypertension, and cancer are diseases. Szasz did not dispute that the behavior of people diagnosed with schizophrenia or other mental disorders is peculiar or disturbed, nor did he deny that these individuals suffer emotional problems or have difficulties adjusting to society. However, he challenged the conventional view that strange or eccentric behavior is a product of an underlying disease. Szasz argued that treating problems as “diseases” empowers psychiatrists to put socially deviant people away in medical facilities. To Szasz, involuntary hospitalization is a form of tyranny disguised as therapy. It deprives people of human dignity and strips them of the most essential human right: liberty.