as 4.08 and 3.46, respectively. This produced a “predicted” value of 19.31 minutes for the average waiting time in queue. However, the hand-simulation results in Section 2.4.4 produced a value of 2.53 minutes for this measure.

(a) If these two (very different) numbers are supposed to estimate or approximate the same thing (average waiting time in queue), why are they so apparently different? Give at least three reasons.

(b) We carried out the simulation for a million minutes (rather than 20 minutes), using the same sources of interarrival and service times as in Table