Sometimes, customers hire an independent organization (separate from the development organization) to do independent verification and validation (V & V). The V & V staff examines all aspects of development, including process and product, to ensure the quality of the final prcxiuct. If an independent V & V team is used and the system still experiences a catastrophic failure, who should be held responsible: the managers, the V & V team, the designers, the ccxiers, or the testers?