Vito is the sole shareholder of Vito, Inc. He also is employed by the corporation. On June 30, 2022, Vito borrowed $8,000 from Vito, Inc., and on July 1, 2023, he borrowed an additional $10,000. Both loans were due on demand. No interest was charged on the loans, and the Federal rate was 4% for all relevant dates. Vito used the money to purchase a boat, and he had $2,500 of investment income.

Determine the tax consequences to Vito and Vito, Inc., in each of the following situations:

a. The loans are considered employer-employee loans.

b. The loans are considered corporation-shareholder loans.