23 Crosson (1994, p 168) describes an analysis of published medical studies involving treat- ments for heart attacks. In the studics having randomization and strong controls for bias. the new therapy provided improved treatment 9% of the time. In studies without random- ization or other controls for bias, the new therapy provided improved treatment 58% of the time. Select the correct response(s).

a) This result suggests it is better not to use randomization in medical studies, because it is harder to show that new ideas are beneficial.

b) Many newspaper articles that suggest that a particular lood, drug, or environmental agem is hannful or beneficial should be viewed skeptically, unless we learn more about the statistical design and analysis for the study.

c) This result suggests that you should be skeptical about published results of medical studies that are not randomized, controlled studies.

d) Controlling for hiases, both suspected and unsuspected. is necessary in medical re- search but not in social research, hecause the social sciences deal in subjective rather than objective truth