(a) Explain intuitively why statistical information, in the form of chance regularity patterns, is different from substantive subject-matter information.

(b) Explain how these two types of information can be separated, ab initio, by viewing the statistical model as a probabilistic construct specifying the stochastic mechanism that gave rise to the particular data.

(c) The perspective in

(b) ensures that the data and the statistical model are not “theoryladen.”

Discuss.