Table 8.23, from the 2014 General Social Survey, cross-classifies happiness and marital status.

(a) Software reports that X2 = 135.3.

Interpret.

(b) The table also shows, in parentheses, the standardized residuals. Summarize the association by indicating which marital statuses have strong evidence of (i) more,

(ii) fewer people in the population in the very happy category than if the variables were independent.

(c) Compare the married and divorced groups by the difference in proportions in the very happy category.

TABLE 8.23 Marital Status Very Happy Pretty Happy Not Too Happy Married 472 (9.8) 592 (−3.9) 90 (−7.6)

Widowed 49 (−2.4) 120 (0.7) 38 (2.2)

Divorced 94 (−3.9) 233 (0.5) 84 (4.6)

Separated 12 (−3.2) 47 (0.5) 22 (3.7)

Never married 158 (−5.0) 410 (3.3) 105 (1.9)