Clyde has recently opened a pizza restaurant. His main competitor, Lorraine’s Pizza Palace, claims that it can take a customer’s order, prepare the pizza, and deliver it to the customer’s table in an average of 8 min. Having eaten at Lorraine’s many times before, Clyde suspects that the process takes longer than 8 min. Clyde and his friends record the time it takes to order and be served the next time each of them eats at Lorraine’s. Here are the descriptive statistics for the times, to the nearest minute, during 15 visits to Lorraine’s: M = 9, s = 2.

a. State the directional hypothesis.

b. Determine the critical t for α = .05.

c. Calculate t. Show your calculations.

d. Has Lorraine’s Pizza Palace significantly understated its service time?