C12. We take another look at the confidence in the executive branch of the federal government (CONFED), first presented in Table 10.11 (based on GSS 2018). CONFED is presented with two independent variables—(1) respondent race and (2) age (measured in categories as reported in corresponding tables). Interpret each measure of association.

Which variable—race or age—has a higher proportional reduction of error?

a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c. Cannot be computed because the asymptotic standard error equals zero.

d. Based on chi-square approximation.

a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis

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Confid. in exec branch of fed govt. Race of respondent Crosstabulation Race of respondent White Black Other Total Confid. in exec branch of fed govt A great deal Count 87 19 16 122 % within Race of respondent 12.6% 11.4% 14.8% 12.6% Only some Count 294 63 49 406 % within Race of respondent 42.6% 37.7% 45.4% 42.1% Hardly any Count 309 85 43 437 % within Race of respondent 44.8% 50.9% 39.8% 45.3% Total Count 690 167 108 965 % within Race of respondent 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%