Many US. manufacturers are adopting the IS0 9000 series of standards for setting up and documenting quality systems, processes. and procedures. However, it is not generally known how managers who have led or participated in the implementation of the standards view them or how the standards were achieved. A sample of 40 IS0 9000-registered companies in Colorado was selected and the manager most responsible for IS0 9000 implementation was interviewed

(Qlurlify Progress, 1995). The following are some of the data obtained by the study:

Level of Top Management lnvolvenient in the IS0 9000 Registration Process Frequency Very ~nvolved 9 Moderate involvement 16 Min~mal involvement 12 Not involved 3 Length of Time to Achieve IS0 9000 Registration- Requency Less than 1 year 1-1.5 years 1.6-2 years 2.1-2.5 years More than 2.5 years Source: Weston, F. C., "What do managers really think of the IS0 9000 registration process'?" Quality Progress, October 1995, p. 6849 (Tables 3 and 4).

Suppose one of the 40 managers who were interviewed is to be randomly selected for additional questioning. Consider the events defined below:

A: {The manager was involved in the IS0 9000 registration]

B: {The length of time to achieve IS0 9000 registration was more than 2 years]

a. Find P(A).

b. Find P(B).

c. Explain why the above data are not sufficient to determine whether events A and B are independent.