19. As part of a larger study, Speed and Gangstead (1997) collected ratings and nominations on a number of characteristics for 66 fraternity men from their fellow fraternity members. The following paragraph is taken from their Results section:

. . . men’s romantic popularity significantly correlated with several characteristics:

best dressed 1r = .482, most physically attractive 1r = .472, most outgoing 1r = .472, most self-confident 1r = .442, best trendsetters 1r = .382, funniest 1r = .372, most satisfied 1r = .322, and most independent 1r = .282. Unexpectedly, however, men’s potential for financial success did not significantly correlate with romantic popularity 1r = .102. (p. 931)

Explain these results as if you were writing to a person who has never had a course in statistics. Specifically,

(a) explain what is meant by a correlation coefficient using one of the correlations as an example;

(b) explain in a general way what is meant by “significantly” and “not significantly,” referring to at least one specific example; and

(c) speculate on the meaning of the pattern of results, taking into account the issue of direction of causality.