4.31 The world is changing due to globalization, rapid changes, and technology integration. As a result, the university programs in civil engineering are facing challenges of preparing curriculums to meet the changing needs of industries. Once students obtain an understanding of civil engineering context, do they need a broader base of knowledge in management and financial issues to face challenges in the current professional environment? Chinowski (J. Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 2002)

conducted a survey of top design and construction executives (vice presidents and above chosen from Engineering News’ list of top firms)

to ask about their educational background. The results are summarized in Table 4.15. Suppose one executive is selected at random.

a What is the probability that the selected executive has an engineering degree?

b If the selected executive is known to have an engineering degree, what is the probability that he/she has a master’s degree?

c Are events “engineering degree” and “bachelor degree” independent of each other?