Research by B. Hatchwell et al. on divorce rates among the long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus) appeared in Science News (Vol. 157, No. 20, p. 317). Tracking birds in Yorkshire from one breeding season to the next, the researchers noted that 63% of pairs divorced and that “. . . compared with moms whose offspring had died, nearly twice the percentage of females that raised their youngsters to the fledgling stage moved out of the family flock and took mates elsewhere the next season—81% versus 43%.” For the females in this study, find

a. the percentage whose offspring died. (Hint: You will need to use the rule of total probability and the complementation rule.)

b. the percentage that divorced and whose offspring died.

c. the percentage whose offspring died among those that divorced.

* Color Blindness.