You are the centerfielder of the New York Yankees. It is the bottom of the ninth inning of the seventh game of the World Series. The Yanks lead by 2 with 2 outs and men on second and third. The batter is known to hit for high average and runs very well but only has mediocre power. A single will tie the game, and a hit over your head will likely result in the Yanks losing. Do you play shallow?

Feature nonstatistical applications of hypothesis testing. For each, identify the hypotheses, define Type I and Type II errors, and discuss the consequences of each error. In setting up the hypotheses, you will have to consider where to place the “burden of proof.”