A researcher has just conducted a correlational study investigating the relationship between amount of alcohol drunk by fans of the home team before a football match and the number of goals scored by the home team. They found that there was a relationship between the two variables. Which of the following statements are valid?

(a) The amount of alcohol drunk was related to the home team’s ability to score goals, but we cannot say it caused the team to score the goals

(b) The home team’s ability to score goals is not related to the amount of alcohol but to the amount of cheering by the drunken fans

(c) The increase in the amount of alcohol drunk caused an increase in the number of goals scored

(d) All of the above