Surveys: Manipulation The New York Times did a special report on polling that was carried in papers across the nation. The article pointed out how readily the results of a survey can be manipulated. Some features that can infl uence the results of a poll include the following: the number of possible responses, the phrasing of the questions, the sampling techniques used (voluntary response or sample designed to be representative), the fact that words may mean different things to different people, the questions that precede the question of interest, and fi nally, the fact that respondents can offer opinions on issues they know nothing about.

(a) Consider the expression “over the last few years.” Do you think that this expression means the same time span to everyone? What would be a more precise phrase?

(b) Consider this question: “Do you think fi nes for running stop signs should be doubled?” Do you think the response would be different if the question

“Have you ever run a stop sign?” preceded the question about fi nes?

(c) Consider this question: “Do you watch too much television?” What do you think the responses would be if the only responses possible were yes or no? What do you think the responses would be if the possible responses were “rarely,” “sometimes,” or “frequently”?