In 2013, the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) asked random samples of people from countries around the world whether they agreed that their country should take stronger measures to exclude illegal immigrants. Table 12.20 shows the percentage of people who agreed that their country should take stronger measures to do so, for the four continents included in the sample:

Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America.

a. What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable?

b. What is the null hypothesis for the chi-square test of independence? What is the alternative hypothesis?

c. The sample chi-square statistic is 512.4. What does this indicate about the relationship between the two variables? How do you know?

d. An immigration policy analyst looks at the results of the chi-square test and concludes that “North America is statistically significantly more accepting of measures to support illegal immigrants than Africa, Asia, or Europe.” Is this interpretation of the result of the chi-square test accurate? Explain your answer.