In 2017, the Pew Research Center asked respondents about their experiences taking time off work for the birth or adoption of a child. In a sample of 1,106 people who took time off from work, a large number of people reported that their leaves had been unpaid.

a. Use the following information to create a cross-tabulation of gender and paid leave status for the sample of parents who took time off from work:

• 732 women took leave; 410 of them received pay during their leave, while 322 of them received no pay.

• 374 men took leave; 263 of them received pay, and 111 of them did not.

Place gender in the columns and paid leave status in the rows. In each cell, include the appropriate frequency and column percentage. Be sure to include marginal frequencies and percentages in the last column of the table. Properly label all columns and rows, and give the table an appropriate title.

b. Which is the independent variable in the table? Which is the dependent variable?

c. Look at the cell for women who received pay while on leave from work.

Explain what the frequency in that cell means. Explain what the percentage means.

d. Use the results of the cross-tabulation to answer this question: Does gender influence paid leave status for new parents? Be sure to give specific examples from the table that help you to answer this question, and state the strength of the relationship.