in the Eyes Elevated condition. Therefore the data form pairs of scores.

(a) Multiply the scores in each pair together to get a variable called XY.

(b) Calculate .

(c) Calculate .

(d) Do and differ, and would you normally expect them to?

(e) Calculate

(You will come across these calculations again in Chapter 9. The result is called the covariance.
Very few of the calculations in this book will be any more complex than this one.)

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