To calculate each child’s relative self-discipline, she will subtract the average score from previous research (50) from each child’s score in her sample.

Figure 1.23 shows the scores for the first five children in her sample.

a. The last column in Figure 1.23, circled, shows the relative measure of self-discipline for each child (the child’s raw score minus the average self-discipline score from the previous study). Is the variable relative self-discipline an interval- or ratio-level variable? Explain how you know.

b. The researcher drew a larger sample of children and decided to transform the relative self-discipline variable into a new variable. This new variable has three categories: “low” (scores below the average score of 50), “medium”

(scores equal to the average score of 50), and “high” (scores above the average score of 50). Assign each child in Figure 1.23 to the proper category of this new variable.

c. What level of measurement is the new variable? Explain your answer.