Downsizing usually involves eliminating job positions and levels of management. Supervisors who survive downsizings must adapt organizational principles to the changes, as well as provide support to layoff survivors in their department. This usually includes widening the span of management, giving employees more latitude in decision making. To empower employees, supervisors should structure their departments to allow for more employee participation. Various changes, such as restructuring, SDWTs, lean manufacturing, and horizontal and virtual organizational structures, can help companies reduce costs and be flexible in meeting customer demands.? P-987