REALLY ADVANCED: Assume there is a 10% nominal rate of return, a tax rate of 40%, and an inflation rate of 5%. (In the taxes-and-inflation example from Formula 10.1 we worked out that the post-inflation, aftertax rate of return was 0.95%.) Now, add a default rate,

d, of 2%, where all money is lost (−100% return).What is the real, post-inflation, aftertax, post-default rate of return? (Hint: Losses are tax-deductible, too.

Assume that the default rate reduces the nominal rate of return (on which taxes are charged) because you do not just take 1 such loan, but 1 million, which practically assures you of the exact default rate without any sampling variation.)