A copper cube measures 6.00 cm on each side. The bottom face is held in place by very strong glue to a flat horizontal surface, while a horizontal force F is applied to the upper face parallel to one of the edges. (Consult Table 11.1.)

(a) Show that the glue exerts a force F on the bottom face that is equal but opposite to the force on the top face.

(b) How large must F be to cause the cube to deform by 0.250 mm?

(c) If the same experiment were performed on a lead cube of the same size as the copper one, by what distance would it deform for the same force as in part (b)?

Table 11.1: Approximate Elastic Moduli

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Material Young's Modulus, Y (Pa) Bulk Modulus, B (Pa) Shear Modulus, S (Pa) Aluminum 7.0 x 1010 7.5 x 1010 2.5 x 1010 Brass 9.0 x 1010 6.0 x 1010 3.5 x 1010 Copper 11 x 1010 14 x 1010 4.4 x 1010 Crown glass 6.0 x 1010 5.0 x 1010 2.5 x 1010 Iron 21 x 1010 16 x 1010 7.7 x 1010 Lead 1.6 x 1010 4.1 x 1010 0.6 x 1010 Nickel 21 x 1010 17 x 1010 7.8 x 1010 Steel 20 x 1010 16 x 1010 7.5 x 1010