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Hereford Cattle And Their Erythrocytes(1st Edition)

Authors:

Chester A Glomski

Free hereford cattle and their erythrocytes 1st edition chester a glomski b0dgl9vkr9, 979-8218461348
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Book details

ISBN: B0DGL9VKR9, 979-8218461348

Book publisher: Windermere

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Book Summary: The Hereford Breed Of Cattle Is Unusual. It Is A Popular Animal And Is Routinely Recognized As Reared For Beef Meat For Human Consumption. It Is Iconic As White-faced American Range Cattle. The Intent Of This Text Is To Explore The Two Major Significant Characteristics That Take This Animal Out Of The Usual Melange Of Mammals And Place The Herefords In Their Own Sphere. As An Introduction, These Noteworthy Features Are (a) A Unique Red Cell (erythrocyte) Production And (b) An Unusual Complex Four-chambered Stomach Which Permits The Animal To Graze, Engulf Large Volumes Of Fibrous Grasses, And Derive Nutrition From Them.Some Of The Readily Identifiable Erythroid Features Displayed By This Animal That Are Disimilar From Typical Mammals Are Its High Erythrocyte Count In The Blood, Its Diminutive Red Cells, The Maturation Of Reticulocytes In The Bone Marrow Rather Than In The Circulation, The Unusual Myeloid/Eythroid Ratio In Hemopoietic Bone Marrow, And The Atypical Low Presence Of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate In The Red Cells.In Regard To The Hereford's Atypical Gastrointestinal Function, It Is A Ruminant And Therefore An Herbivore. It Has A Complex Four-chambered Stomach, Which Allows The Animal To Gather A Large Quantity Of Food And Then Chew And Digest It Later. The Sequential Stomach Compartments Are Namely The Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, And Abomasum. The Special Stomach Endows Herefords To Derive Nourishment From A Plant Diet (fibrous Grasses) Which Would Otherwise Be Indigestible. Usual Mammals Do Not Have The Enzymes, E.g., Cellulase, Necesary To Break Down The Cellulose Of The Walls Of Plant Cells. However, Certain Bacteria And Protozoa, Which Reside Symbiotically In The Stomach Of Ruminants, Have This Ability. They Live In The Rumen, Feed On The Cellulose Of Plant Cells, And Generate Nutritious End-products Susceptible To The Digestive Capabilities Of The Host Ruminant. The Initially Grazed, Coarsely Chewed Food Reaches The Huge Rumen Of The Ruminant (e.g, Hereford Cow), The First Chamber Of The Stomach, Via The Esophagus. The Ingesta Are Partially Digested By The Numerous Bacteria. Fermentation Releases Some Of The Complex Contents In The Cellulose And Breaks Down Some Of Them Into Simpler Products That Can Be Absorbed. The Ingested Grass Meal Along With Bacteria Is Then Passed In Small Portions Into The Reticulum Where It Is Predigested By Various Microorganisms. The Reticulum Is A Protrusion Of The Rumen. Bacteria Are Mixed Here With The Food By Repeated Contraction And Slackening. The Contents Are Maintained In Continual Motion By Rhythmic Contractions. The Ingested Food Is Thereby Initially Fermented Principally Through Microbial Activity And Then This Semi-liquid Stomach Content Is Regurgitated Into The Mouth Via Esophageal Retroperistalsis And Chewed Again. It Is Pushed Against The Palate By The Tongue To Express Excess Fluid, Which Is Swallowed While The Solid Matter Is Further Thoroughly Chewed. The Latter Bolus Is Conventionally Called The Cud. The Process Of Rechewing The Cud To Further Break Down Plant Matter And Stimulate Digestion Is Called Rumination. Rumination Or Cud Chewing Occurs Primarily When The Animal Is Resting. The Cud Is Chewed Thoroughly, Mixed With Saliva, Then Swallowed, Passed Into The Omasum And Subsequently Into The Abomasum. The Second Swallowing Of The Food Directs The Food Into The Third Section Of The Ruminant's Stomach, The Omasum. From This Point It Finally Passes Into The Abomasum. This Is The First Site Of The Conventional Gastrointestinal Digestive Glands.