What is the level of stress (if any) that cows undergo prior to being slaughtered? To answer this question, researchers designed an experiment cows involving cows bred in Normandy, France (Applied Animal Behavior Science, June 2010). The heart rate (beats per minute) of a cow was measured at four different pre-slaughter phases -(1) first phase of visual contact with pen mates, (2) initial isolation from pen mates for prepping, (3) restoration of visual contact with pen mates, and (4) first contact with human prior to slaughter. Data for eight cows (simulated from information provided in the article) are shown in the accompanying table. The researchers analyzed the data using an analysis of variance for a randomized block design. Their objective was to determine whether the mean heart rate of cows differed in the four pre-slaughter phases.

a. Identify the treatments and blocks for this experimental design.
b. Conduct the appropriate analysis using a statistical software package. Summarize the results in an ANOVA table.
c. Is there evidence of differences among the mean heart rates of cows in the four pre-slaughter phases? Test using α = .05.
d. If warranted, conduct a multiple comparisons procedure to rank the four treatment means. Use an experiment-wise error rate of α = .05.

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