When a mixture of ethanol and water is distilled at ambient pressure, the products are a distillate of ethanol and water of nearazeotrope composition (89.4 mol% ethanol) and a bottoms product of nearly pure water. Based on differences in certain properties of ethanol and water, explain how the following separation operations might be able to recover almost pure ethanol from the distillate:
(a) Extractive distillation
(b) Azeotropic distillation
(c) Liquid-liquid extraction
(d) Crystallization
(e) Pervaporation membrane
(f) Adsorption