(a) Calculate the standard free energy change as a pair of electrons is transferred from succinate to molecular oxygen in the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
(b) Based on your answer in part a, calculate the maximum number of protons that could be pumped out of the matrix into the inter-membrane space as these electrons are passed to oxygen. Assume 25°C, ∆pH = 1.4; ∆( = 0.175 V (matrix negative).
(c) At which site(s) are these protons pumped?