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chemical engineering

Questions and Answers of Chemical Engineering

Write the condensed structural formula for each of the following compounds: (a) 2-pentanol, (b) 1,2-propanediol, (c) ethyl acetate, (d) diphenyl ketone, (e) methyl ethyl ether.
Write the condensed structural formula for each of the following compounds: (a) 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, (b) methyl phenyl ketone, (c) para-bromobenzoic acid, (d) ethyl butyl ether, (e) N,
Draw the structure for 2-bromo-2-chloro-3-methylpentane, and indicate any chiral carbons in the molecule.
Does 3-chloro-3-methylhexane have optical isomers? Why or why not?
(a)What is an -amino acid? (b) How do amino acids react to form proteins? (c) Draw the bond that links amino acids together in proteins.What is this called?
From examination of the molecular models i-v, choose the substance that (a) can be hydrolyzed to form a solution containing glucose, (b) is capable of forming a zwitterion, (c) is one of the four
What properties of the side chains (R groups) of amino acids are important in affecting the amino acids' overall biochemical behavior? Give examples to illustrate your reply.
Draw the two possible dipeptides formed by condensation reactions between leucine and tryptophan.
Write a chemical equation for the formation of methionyl glycine from the constituent amino acids.
(a) Draw the condensed structure of the tripeptide Gly-Gly- His. (b) How many different tripeptides can be made from the amino acids glycine and histidine? Give the abbreviations for each of these
(a) What amino acids would be obtained by hydrolysis of the following tripeptide?(b) How many different tripeptides can be made from glycine, serine, and glutamic acid? Give the abbreviation for each
(a) Describe the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of proteins. (b) Quaternary structures of proteins arise if two or more smaller polypeptides or proteins associate with each other to make
What is the difference between the -helix and -sheet secondary structures in proteins?
In your own words, define the following terms: (a) carbohydrate, (b) monosaccharide, (c) disaccharide, (d) polysaccharide.
What is the difference between α -glucose and β-glucose? Show the condensation of two glucose molecules to form a disaccharide with an linkage; with a β linkage.
What is the empirical formula of cellulose? What is the unit that forms the basis of the cellulose polymer? What form of linkage joins these monomeric units?
What is the empirical formula of glycogen? What is the unit that forms the basis of the glycogen polymer? What form of linkage joins these monomeric units?
The structural formula for the linear form of D-mannose is(a) How many chiral carbons are present in the molecule? (b) Draw the structure of the six-member-ring form of this sugar.
The structural formula for the linear form of galactose is(a) How many chiral carbons are present in the molecule? (b) Draw the structure of the six-member-ring form of this sugar.
Describe the chemical structures of lipids and phospholipids. Why can phospholipids form a bilayer in water?
Using data from Table 8.4 on bond enthalpies, show that the more C---H bonds a molecule has compared to C-----O and O----H bonds, the more energy it can store.
A nucleoside consists of an organic base of the kind shown in Section 24.10, bound to ribose or deoxyribose. Draw the structure for deoxyguanosine, formed from guanine and deoxyribose.
Just as the amino acids in a protein are listed in the order from the amine end to the carboxylic acid end (the protein sequence), the bases in nucleic acids are listed in the order to , where the
When samples of double-stranded DNA are analyzed, the quantity of adenine present equals that of thymine. Similarly, the quantity of guanine equals that of cytosine. Explain the significance of these
Imagine a single DNA strand containing a section with thefollowing base sequence: 5'- GCATTTGGC-3'. What is the a base sequence of the complementary strand? ( The two strands of DNA will come
Explain the chemical differences between DNA and RNA.(Indigo - a blue dye) (Acetaminophen - aka Tylenol)
Draw the condensed structural formulas for two different molecules with the formula C3H4O.
How many structural isomers are there for a five-member straight carbon chain with one double bond? For a six-member straight carbon chain with two double bonds?
Draw the condensed structural formulas for the cis and transisomers of 2-pentene. Can cyclopentene exhibit cis-trans isomerism? Explain.
Write the structural formulas for as many alcohols as you can think of that have empirical formula C3H6O.
Identify each of the functional groups in these molecules:(Responsible for the odor of cucumbers) (Quinine - an antimalarial drug)
Write a condensed structural formula for each of the following: (a) An acid with the formula C4H8O2, (b) A cyclic ketone with the formula C5H8O, (c) A dihydroxy compound with the formula C3H8O2,
Although carboxylic acids and alcohols both contain an -OH group, one is acidic in water and the other is not. Explain the difference.
Indole smells terrible in high concentrations but has a pleasant floral-like odor when highly diluted. Its structure isThe molecule is planar, and the nitrogen is a very weak base, Kb = 2 x 10-12
Predict the ideal values for the bond angles about each carbon atom in the following molecule. Indicate the hybridization of orbitals for each carbon. CH3CCCH2COOH
Locate the chiral carbon atoms, if any, in each molecule:
Which of the following peptides have a net positive charge at pH 7? (a) Gly-Ser-Lys, (b) Pro-Leu-Ile, (c) Phe-Tyr-Asp.
Glutathione is a tripeptide found in most living cells. Partial hydrolysis yields Cys-Gly and Glu-Cys. What structures are possible for glutathione?
Monosaccharides can be categorized in terms of the number of carbon atoms (pentoses have five carbons and hexoses have six carbons) and according to whether they contain an aldehyde (aldo- prefix, as
Can a DNA strand bind to a complementary RNA strand? Explain.
Explain why the boiling point of ethanol (78°C) is much higher than that of its isomer, dimehtl ether (-25°C), and why the boiling point of CH2F2 ( -52°C) is far above that off CH4 (-128°C).
An unknown organic compound is found on elemental analysis to contain 68.1% carbon, 13.7% hydrogen, and 18.2% oxygen by mass. It is slightly soluble in water. Upon careful oxidation it is converted
An organic compound is analyzed and found to contain 66.7% carbon, 11.2% hydrogen, and 22.1% oxygen by mass. The compound boils at 79.6°C. At 100°C and 0.970 atm, the vapor has a density2.28 g/L.
An unknown substance is found to contain only carbon and hydrogen. It is a liquid that boils at 49°C at 1 atm pressure. Upon analysis it is found to contain 85.7% carbon and 14.3% hydrogen by mass.
The standard free energy of formation of solid glycine is -369 kJ/mol, whereas that of solid glycylglycine is -488 kJ/mol. What is ΔG° for the condensation of glycine to form glycylglycine?
(a) List the SI units of length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, and amount of substance; write the abbreviation for each. (b) Write the units and symbols for frequency, force, pressure,
Newton's law states that force = mass × acceleration. Acceleration has the units m/s2. You also know that energy = force × distance and pressure = force/area. From these relations, derive the
Dust falls on Chicago at a rate of 65 mg m-2 day-1. Major metallic elements in the dust include Al, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Pb.5 Pb accumulates at a rate of 0.03 mg m-2 day-1. How many metric tons (1
Define the following terms: (a) Molarity (b) Molality (c) Density (d) Weight percent (e) Volume percent (f) Parts per million (g) Parts per billion (h) Formal concentration
Why is it more accurate to say that the concentration of a solution of acetic acid is 0.01 F rather than 0.01 M? (Despite this distinction, we will usually write 0.01 M.)
How many grams of methanol (CH3OH, FM 32.04) are contained in 0.100 L of 1.71 M aqueous methanol (i.e., 1.71 mol CH3OH/L solution)?
The concentration of a gas is related to its pressure by the ideal gas law:where n is the number of moles, V is volume (L), P is pressure (bar), and T is temperature (K). (a) The maximum pressure of
Any dilute aqueous solution has a density near 1.00 g/mL.Suppose the solution contains 1 ppm of solute; express the concentration of solute in g/L, μg/L, μg/mL, and mg/L.
The concentration of the alkane C20H42 (FM 282.55) in a particular sample of rainwater is 0.2 ppb. Assume that the density of rainwater is close to 1.00 g/mL and find the molar concentration of
How many grams of perchloric acid, HClO4, are contained in 37.6 g of 70.5 wt% aqueous perchloric acid? How many grams of water are in the same solution?
The density of 70.5 wt% aqueous perchloric acid is 1.67 g/mL. Recall that grams refers to grams of solution ( = g HClO4 + gH2O). (a) How many grams of solution are in 1.000 L? (b) How many grams of
An aqueous solution containing 20.0 wt% KI has a density of 1.168 g/mL. Find the molality (m, not M) of the KI solution.
A cell in your adrenal gland has about 2.5 × 104 tiny compartments called vesicles that contain the hormone epinephrine (also called adrenaline). (a) An entire cell has about 150 fmol of
The concentration of sugar (glucose, C6H12O6) in human blood ranges from about 80 mg/100 mL before meals to 120 mg/100 mL after eating. Find the molarity of glucose in blood before and after eating.
An aqueous solution of antifreeze contains 6.067 M ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH, FM 62.07) and has a density of 1.046 g/mL. (a) Find the mass of 1.000 L of this solution and the number of grams of
Protein and carbohydrates provide 4.0 Cal/g, whereas fat gives 9.0 Cal/g. (Remember that 1 Calorie, with a capital C, is really 1 kcal.) The weight percent of these components in some foods
It is recommended that drinking water contain 1.6 ppm fluoride (F-) for prevention of tooth decay. Consider a reservoir with a diameter of 4.50 × 102 m and a depth of 10.0 m. (The volume is πr2h,
Noble gases (Group 18 in the periodic table) have the following volume concentrations in dry air: He, 5.24 ppm; Ne, 18.2 ppm; Ar, 0.934%; Kr, 1.14 ppm; Xe, 87 ppb. (a) A concentration of 5.24 ppm He
Write the name and number represented by each symbol. For example, for kW you should write kW kilowatt 103 watts.(a) mW(b) pm(c) kΩ(d) μF(e) TJ(f) ns(g) fg(h) dPa
What is the maximum volume of 0.25 M sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl, laundry bleach) that can be prepared by dilution of 1.00 L of 0.80 M NaOCl?
How many grams of 50 wt% NaOH (FM 40.00) should be diluted to 1.00 L to make 0.10 M NaOH? (Answer with two digits.)
A bottle of concentrated aqueous sulfuric acid, labeled 98.0 wt% H2SO4, has a concentration of 18.0 M. (a) How many milliliters of reagent should be diluted to 1.000 L to give 1.00 M H2SO4? (b)
What is the density of 53.4 wt% aqueous NaOH (FM 40.00) if 16.7 mL of the solution diluted to 2.00 L gives 0.169 M NaOH?
How many milliliters of 3.00 M H2SO4 are required to react with 4.35 g of solid containing 23.2 wt% Ba(NO3)2 if the reaction is Ba2++ SO24 → BaSO4(s)?
How many grams of 0.491 wt% aqueous HF are required to provide a 50% excess to react with 25.0 mL of 0.0236 M Th4+ by the reaction Th4+ + 4F- n ThF4(s)?
Explain the following statement: "The validity of an analytical result ultimately depends on knowing the composition of some primary standard."
Distinguish between the terms end point and equivalence point.
How does a blank titration reduce titration error?
What is the difference between a direct titration and a back titration?
Express the following quantities with abbreviations for units and prefixes from Tables 1-1 through 1-3: (a) 10-13joules (b) 4.31728 × 10-8 farads (c) 2.9979 × 1014 hertz (d) 10-10 meters (e) 2.1
What is the difference between a reagent grade chemical and a primary standard?
Why are ultrapure acid solvents required to dissolve samples for trace analysis?
How many milliliters of 0.100 M KI are needed to react with 40.0 mL of 0.0400 M Hg2(NO3)2 if the reaction is Hg2+2 + 2I- → Hg2I2(s)?
For Reaction 1-7, how many milliliters of 0.165 0 M KMnO4 are needed to react with 108.0 mL of 0.1650 M oxalic acid? How many milliliters of 0.1650 M oxalic acid are required to react with 108.0 mL
Ammonia reacts with hypobromite, OBr-, by the reaction 2NH3 + 3OBr- → N2 + 3Br- + 3H2O. What is the molarity of a hypobromite solution if 1.00 mL of the OBr- solution reacts with 1.69 mg of NH3?
Sulfamic acid is a primary standard that can be used to standardize NaOH.
Limestone consists mainly of the mineral calcite, CaCO3. The carbonate content of 0.5413 g of powdered limestone was measured by suspending the powder in water, adding 10.00 mL of 1.396 M HCl, and
During the 1980s, the average emission of carbon from burning fossil fuels on Earth was 5.4 petagrams (Pg) of carbon per year in the form of CO2.4 (a) How many kg of C were placed in the atmosphere
How many joules per second and how many calories per hour are produced by a 100.0 horsepower engine?
A 120-pound woman working in an office consumes about 2.2 × 103 kcal/day, whereas the same woman climbing a mountain needs 3.4 ×103 kcal/day. (a) Express these numbers in terms of joules per second
How many joules per second (J/s) are used by a device that requires 5.00 × 103 British thermal units per hour (Btu/h)? How many watts (W) does this device use?
The table shows fuel efficiency for several automobiles.(a) A mile is 5280 feet and a foot is 12 inches. Use Table 1- 4 to find how many miles are in 1 km. (b) The gasoline-engine Peugeot 107
Potassium hydrogen phthalate is a primary standard used to measure the concentration of NaOH solutions. Find the true mass of potassium hydrogen phthalate (density = 1.636 g/mL) if the mass weighed
(a) Use the ideal gas law (Problem 1-16) to calculate the density (g/mL) of helium at 20°C and 1.00 bar. (b) Find the true mass of Na (density = 0.97 g/mL) weighed in a glove box with a He
(a) The equilibrium vapor pressure of water at 20°C is 2330 Pa. What is the vapor pressure of water in the air at 20°C if the relative humidity is 42%? (Relative humidity is the percentage of the
Effect of altitude on electronic balance. If an object weighs ma grams at distance ra from the center of the Earth, it will weigh mb = ma(r2a/r2b) when raised to rb. An object weighs 100.0000 g on
Describe how to prepare 250.0 mL of 0.1500 M K2SO4 with a volumetric flask.
(a) Describe how to deliver 5.00 mL of liquid by using a transfer pipet.(b) Which is more accurate, a transfer pipet or a measuring pipet?
(a) Describe how to deliver 50.0 μL by using a 100 - μL adjustable micropipet.(b) What would you do differently in (a) if the liquid foams.
An empty 10-mL volumetric flask weighs 10.263 4 g. When the flask is filled to the mark with distilled water and weighed again in the air at 20°C, the mass is 20.214 4 g. What is the true volume of
By what percentage does a dilute aqueous solution expand when heated from 15° to 25°C? If a 0.500 0 M solution is prepared at 15°C, what would its molarity be at 25°C?
Explain the principles of operation of electronic and mechanical balances.
You want to prepare 500.0 mL of 1.000 M KNO3 at 20°C, but the lab (and water) temperature is 24°C at the time of preparation. How many grams of solid KNO3 (density 2.109 g/mL) should be dissolved
A simple model for the fraction of micropipets that operate within specifications after time t is Fraction within specifications = e-t(in2)/tm (a) Show that the equation predicts that the time at
Glass is a notorious source of metal ion contamination. Three glass bottles were crushed and sieved to collect 1 - mm pieces.26 To see how much Al3+ could be extracted, 200 mL of a 0.05 M solution

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