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engineering
chemical engineering

Questions and Answers of Chemical Engineering

A genetically engineered strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) is used to synthesize human insulin for people suffering from type I diabetes mellitus. In the following simplified reaction scheme,
Fermentation of sugars obtained from hydrolysis of starch or cellulosic biomass is an alternative to using petrochemicals as the feedstock in production of ethanol. One of the many commercial
A Claus plant converts gaseous sulfur compounds to elemental sulfur, thereby eliminating emission of sulfur into the atmosphere. The process can be especially important in the gasification of coal,
A gas contains 75.0 wt% methane, 10.0% ethane, 5.0% ethylene, and the balance water. (a) Calculate the molar composition of this gas on both a wet and a dry basis and the ratio (mol H2O/ mol dry
An unknown paraffinic hydrocarbon is defined by the chemical formula CxH2x.2. The paraffin is burned with air, and there is no CO in the combustion products.(a) Use a degree-of-freedom analysis to
Inside a distillation column (Problem 4.8), a downward-flowing liquid and an upward-flowing vapor maintain contact with each other. For reasons we will discuss in greater detail in Chapter 6, the
Propane is burned completely with excess oxygen. The product gas contains 24.5 mole% CO2, 6.10% CO, 40.8% H2O, and 28.6% O2.(a) Calculate the percentage excess O2 fed to the furnace.(b) A student
A fuel oil is analyzed and found to contain 85.0 wt% carbon, 12.0% elemental hydrogen (H), 1.7% sulfur, and the remainder noncombustible matter. The oil is burned with 20.0% excess air, based on
The analysis of a coal indicates 75 wt% C, 17% H, 2% S, and the balance noncombustible ash. The coal is burned at a rate of 5000 kg/h, and the feed rate of air to the furnace is 50 kmol/min. All of
A fuel oil is fed to a furnace and burned with 25% excess air. The oil contains 87.0 wt% C, 10.0% H, and 3.0% S. Analysis of the furnace exhaust gas shows only N2, O2, CO2, SO2, and H2O. The sulfur
After being purged with nitrogen, a low-pressure tank used to store flammable liquids is at a total pressure of 0.03 psig.(a) If the purging process is done in the morning when the tank and its
In the Pixar film, Up, Carl Fredrickson turns his house into a makeshift airship using helium balloons. (a) Neglecting the force required to remove the house from its foundation, how many spherical
A stream of air at 35°C and a gauge pressure of 0.5 atm (Stream 1) flows into a pipe passing through a heater, emerges at 87°C and 0.2 atm (gauge), and splits into two streams. Stream 2 passes out
Bread is typically made by first dissolving preserved yeast (a microscopic biological organism that consumes sugars and emits CO2 as a waste product) in water, then adding other ingredients,
The lower flammability limit (LFL) and the upper flammability limit (UFL) of propane in air at 1 atm are, respectively, 2.3 mole% C3H8 and 9.5 mole% C3H8. If the mole percent of propane in a
When a human takes a breath, the inhaled air flows through the nostrils and trachea before splitting into two primary bronchial tubes. The primary tubes further split to form smaller tubes, and
During your summer vacation, you plan an epic adventure trip to scale Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Dehydration is a great danger on such a climb, and it is essential to drink enough water to make up
Fermentation is a biochemical process in which a carbohydrate-such as the sugar glucose-is converted by bacteria or yeast to an organic compound-such as ethanol-and carbon dioxide. The process is
Ethane at 25°C and 1.1 atm (abs) flowing at a rate of 100 mol/s is burned with 20% excess oxygen at 175°C and 1.1 atm (abs). The combustion products leave the furnace at 800°C and 1 atm.(a) What
The bacteria acetobacter aceti convert ethanol to acetic acid in the presence of oxygen according to the reactionIn a continuous fermentation process, ethanol enters the top of the fermenter at a
Hydrogen sulfide has the distinctive unpleasant odor associated with rotten eggs, and it is poisonous. It often must be removed from crude natural gas and is therefore a product of refining natural
Magnesium sulfate has a number of uses, some of which are related to the ability of the anhydrate form to remove water from air and others based on the high solubility of the heptahydrate
Determining the value of newly located natural gas sites involves estimating the gas composition, quantity, and ease of access. For example, one report described a find of 2 trillion cubic feet of
Oxygen therapy uses various devices to provide oxygen to patients having difficulty getting sufficient amounts from air through normal breathing. Among the devices is a nasal cannula, which
The weather report says the temperature is 86°F, the barometer is at 30.05 inches Hg, the relative humidity is 62%, and the dew point is 71°F. Estimate the mole fraction of water in the air, the
In watching an airplane take off from a short runway, you overhear someone say he is concerned about the length of the runway because the temperature is so high and the humidity so low. You are not
When fermentation units are operated with high aeration rates, significant amounts of water can be evaporated into the air passing through the fermentation broth. Since fermentation can be adversely
A quantity of methyl acetate is placed in an open, transparent, three-liter flask and boiled long enough to purge all air from the vapor space. The flask is then sealed and allowed to equilibrate at
Recovery and processing of various oils are important elements of the agricultural and food industries. For example, soybean hulls are removed from the beans, which are then flaked and contacted with
An adult inhales approximately 12 times per minute, taking in about 500 mL of air with each inhalation. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs, but there is essentially no exchange of
Ethyl alcohol has a vapor pressure of 20.0mm Hg at 8.0°C and a normal boiling point of 78.4°C. Estimate the vapor pressure at 45°C using (a) the Antoine equation; (b) the Clausius-Clapeyron
In the manufacture of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), the API goes through a final purification step in which it is crystallized, filtered, and washed. The washed crystals contain 47%
The constituent partial pressures of a gas in equilibrium with a liquid solution at 30°C and 1 atm containing 2 lbm SO2/100 lbm H2O are pH2O = 31:6 mm Hg and pSO2 = 176 mm Hg. The balance of the gas
A methanol–water feed stream is introduced to a vaporizer in which a molar fraction f of the feed is vaporized. The feed has a methanol mole fraction of xF = 0.4, and the vaporizer operates at a
A liquid mixture containing 35.0 mole% acetone and 65.0 mole% water is to be partially vaporized to produce a vapor that is 70.0 mole% acetone and a residual liquid that is 30.0 mole% acetone. (a)
The separation of aromatic compounds from paraffins is essential in producing many polyesters that are used in a variety of products. When aromatics and paraffins have the same number of carbon
Write and simplify the closed-system energy balance (Equation 7.3-4) for each of the following processes, and state whether nonzero heat and work terms are positive or negative. Begin by defining the
A cylinder with a movable piston contains 5.00 liters of a gas at 30°C and 5.00 bar. The piston is slowly moved to compress the gas to 8.80 bar.(a) Considering the system to be the gas in the
The conversion of the kinetic energy of wind to electricity may be an attractive alternative to the use of fossil fuels. Typically, wind causes the rotor of a turbine to turn, and a generator
The food calorie (also known as nutritional calorie and large calorie) is a quantity equal to a kilocalorie (kcal). Not surprisingly, the food calorie is used to represent units of energy associated
Energy may be produced from solid waste in two ways: (1) generate methane from anaerobic decomposition of the waste and burn it (landfill-gas-to-energy, or LFGTE)or (2) burn the waste directly
Two hundred kg/min of steam enters a steam turbine at 350°C and 40 bar through a 7.5-cm diameter line and exits at 75°C and 6.5 bar through a 5-cm line. The exiting stream may be vapor, liquid, or
Liquid water at 60 bar and 250°C passes through an adiabatic expansion valve, emerging at a pressure Pf and temperature Tf. If Pf is low enough, some of the liquid evaporates. (a) If Pf = 10 bar,
Superheated steam at T1(°C) and 20.0 bar is blended with saturated steam at T2(°C) and 10.0 bar in a ratio (1.96 kg of steam at 20 bar)/(1.0 kg of steam at 10 bar). The product stream is at 250°C
A 25-g block of iron at 175°C is dropped into a liter of water in an insulated flask at 20°C and 1 atm. The specific enthalpy of iron is given by the expression H(J/g)= 17.3T(°C). (a) What
Arsenic contamination of aquifers is a major health problem in much of the world and is particularly severe in Bangladesh. One method of removing the arsenic is to pump water from an aquifer to the
Most carnivals have a game in which a contestant swings a large hammer and hits a pedal, causing a metal ball to move up a pole. If the pedal is hit hard enough, the ball travels to the top and rings
The brakes on an automobile act by forcing brake pads, which have a metal support and a lining, to press against a disk (rotor) attached to the wheel. Friction between the pads and the disk causes
Instant cold packs are used for first aid when ice is not available. In one such device, a small pouch containing 2.00 × 102 grams of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) is placed in a bag containing 2.00 ×
Chlorine gas is to be heated from 120°C and 1 atm to 180°C.(a) Calculate the heat input (kW) required to heat a stream of the gas flowing at 15.0 kmol/min at constant pressure.(b) Calculate the
Aluminum cans of a liquid baby formula are sterilized with steam in an autoclave before being shipped to wholesale distributors. A batch of the product consists of 500 cans, each of which has a tare
Calculate the heat transfer (kJ) required to cool 55.0 liters of a liquid mixture containing 70.0 wt% acetone and 30.0% 2-methyl-1-pentanol (C6H14O) from 45°C to 20°C. Use Kopp's rule to estimate
Your roommate has learned that burning approximately 3,500 food calories (Problem 7.3) results in a weight loss of 1 lbm, and he gets the bright idea of losing weight rapidly by eating ice. His
Benzene vapor at 480°C is cooled and converted to a liquid at 25°C in a continuous condenser. The condensate is drained into 1.75-m3 drums, each of which takes 2.0 minutes to fill. Calculate the
Molten sodium chloride is to be used as a constant-temperature bath for a high-temperature chemical reactor. Two hundred kilograms of solid NaCl at 300K is charged into an insulated vessel, and a
An adult human being at rest produces roughly 0.40mJ/h of thermal energy through metabolic activity. Use that fact to solve the following problems. (a) A college student who weighs 128 pounds put off
A gas stream containing acetone in air flows from a solvent recovery unit at a rate of 142 L/s at 150Â°C and 1.3 atm. The stream flows into a condenser which condenses most of the acetone, and the
Saturated propane vapor at 2.00 × 102 psia is fed to a well-insulated heat exchanger at a rate of 3.00 × 103 SCFH (standard cubic feet per hour). The propane leaves the exchanger as a saturated
You are about to dilute 2.00 mol of 100% sulfuric acid with enough water to produce a 30 mole% aqueous solution. The acid and water are initially at 25°C.(a) How much heat would have to be removed
A culture of the fungus aspergillus niger is used industrially in the manufacture of citric acid and other organic species. Cells of the fungus have an ultimate analysis of CH1.79N0.2O0.5, and the
Ammonia is oxidized in a well-insulated continuous reactor.The feed stream enters at 200°C and the products leave at temperature Tout(°C). The inlet–outlet enthalpy table for the reactor appears
Methane is burned completely with 40% excess air. The methane enters the combustion chamber at 25Â°C, the combustion air enters at 150Â°C, and the stack gas [CO2, H2O(v), O2, N2] exits at
Using the table of conversion factors on the inside front cover, convert (a) 1760 miles/h to km/s. (b) 1400 kg/m3 to lbm/ft3 . (c) 5.37 x 103 kJ/s to hp
You have recently become interested in collecting used classic vinyl recordings. The jackets for these disks often have no liners to protect the records from dust and other sources of scratches, so
You are trying to decide which of two automobiles to buy. The first is American-made, costs $28,500, and has a rated gasoline mileage of 28 miles/gal. The second car is of European manufacture, costs
Five hundred lbm of nitrogen is to be charged into a small metal cylinder at 25°C, at a pressure such that the gas density is 12.5 kg/m3. Without using a calculator, estimate the required cylinder
A horizontal drum, a cross-section of which is shown below, is being filled with benzene (density = 0.879 g/cm3) at a constant rate m_ (kg/min). The drum has a length L and radius r, and the level of
The doozy is defined as the unit of force required to accelerate a unit of mass, called the cuz, with the gravitational acceleration on the surface of the moon, which is one-sixth of the normal
Product quality assurance (QA) is a particularly tricky business in the dye manufacturing industry. A slight variation in reaction conditions can lead to a measurable change in the color of the
The Prandtl number, NPr, is a dimensionless group important in heat-transfer calculations. It is defined asCpμ/k, where Cp is the heat capacity of a fluid, μ is the fluid viscosity, and k is the
Sketch the plots described below and calculate the equations for y(x) from the given information. The plots are all straight lines. Note that the given coordinates refer to abscissa and ordinate
State what you would plot to get a straight line if experimental (x; y) data are to be correlated by the following relations, and what the slopes and intercepts would be in terms of the relation
The temperature in a process unit is controlled by passing cooling water at a measured rate through a jacket that encloses the unit. The exact relationship between the unit temperature T(°C)
A chemical reaction A → B is carried out in a closed vessel. The following data are taken for the concentration of A, CA(g/L), as a function of time, t(min), from the start of the reaction:A
The following are measured values of a system temperature versus time: (a) Use the method of least squares Appendix A.1 to fit a straight line to the data, showing your calculations. You may use
A solution containing hazardous waste is charged into a storage tank and subjected to a chemical treatment that decomposes the waste to harmless products. The concentration of the decomposing waste,
Suppose you have n data points (x1; y1 ), (x2; y2 ), . . . , (xn; yn ) and you wish to fit a line through the origin (y = ax) to these data using the method of least squares. Derive Equation A.1-6
Suppose you have n data points (x1; y1 ), (x2; y2 ), . . . , (xn; yn ) and you wish to fit a line through the origin (y = ax) to these data using the method of least squares. Derive Equation A.1-6
Use a spreadsheet program to fit a straight line (y = ax = b), to tabulated (x, y) data. Your program should evaluate the slope a and intercept b of the best fit to the data, and then calculate
Perform the following estimations without using a calculator. (a) Estimate the mass of water (kg) in an Olympic-size swimming pool.(b) A drinking glass is being filled from a pitcher. Estimate
Liquid benzene and liquid n-hexane are blended to form a stream flowing at a rate of 1700 lbm/h. An on-line densitometer(an instrument used to determine density) indicates that the stream has a
At 25°C, an aqueous solution containing 35.0 wt% H2SO4 has a specific gravity of 1.2563. A quantity of the 35% solution is needed that contains 195.5 kg of H2SO4. (a) Calculate the required

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