New Semester Started Get 50% OFF Study Help! --h --m --s Claim Now

Question Answers

Textbooks

Find textbooks, questions and answers

Oops, something went wrong!

Change your search query and then try again

Result Not Found

Books FREE
Study Help
Tutors
AI Study Planner NEW
Sell Books

Search
Sign In
Register

study help
engineering
mechanical engineering

Shigleys Mechanical Engineering Design 9th edition Richard G. Budynas, J. Keith Nisbett - Solutions

The worm shaft shown in part a of the figure transmits 1.35 hp at 600 rev/min. A static force analysis gave the results shown in part b of the figure. Bearing A is to be an angular-contact ball bearing mounted to take the 555-lbf thrust load. The bearing at B is to take only the radial load, so a
In bearings tested at 2000 rev/min with a steady radial load of 18 kN, a set of bearings showed an L10 life of 115 h and an L80 life of 600 h. The basic load rating of this bearing is 39.6 kN. Estimate the Weibull shape factor b and the characteristic life θ for a two-parameter model. This
A 16-tooth pinion drives the double-reduction spur-gear train in the figure. All gears have 25◦ pressure angles. The pinion rotates ccw at 1200 rev/min and transmits power to the gear train.
Different bearing metallurgy affects bearing life. A manufacturer reports that a particular heat treatment increases bearing life at least threefold. A bearing identical to that of Prob. 11–15 except for the heat treatment, loaded to 18 kN and run at 2000 rev/min, revealed an L10 life of 360 h
Estimate the remaining life in revolutions of an 02-30 mm angular-contact ball bearing already subjected to 200 000 revolutions with a radial load of 18 kN, if it is now to be subjected to a change in load to 30 kN.
The same 02-30 angular-contact ball bearing as in Prob. 11–18 is to be subjected to a two-step loading cycle of 4 min with a loading of 18 kN, and one of 6 min with a loading of 30 kN. This cycle is to be repeated until failure. Estimate the total life in revolutions, hours, and loading cycles.
The expression Fa L = constant can be written using x = L/L10, and it can be expressed as Fa x = K or log F = (1/a) log K − (1/a) log x. This is a straight line on a log-log plot, and it is the basis of Fig. 11–5. For the geometric insight provided, produce Fig. 11–5 to scale using Ex.
A steel spur pinion has a pitch of 6 teeth/in, 22 full-depth teeth, and a 20◦ pressure angle. The pinion runs at a speed of 1200 rev/min and transmits 15 hp to a 60-tooth gear. If the face width is 2 in, estimate the bending stress.
A steel spur pinion has a diametral pitch of 12 teeth/in, 16 teeth cut full-depth with a 20◦ pressure angle, and a face width of ¾ in. This pinion is expected to transmit 1.5 hp at a speed of 700 rev/min. Determine the bending stress.
A steel spur pinion has a module of 1.25 mm, 18 teeth cut on the 20◦ full-depth system, and a face width of 12 mm. At a speed of 1800 rev/min, this pinion is expected to carry a steady load of 0.5 kW. Determine the resulting bending stress
A steel spur pinion has 15 teeth cut on the 20◦ full-depth system with a module of 5 mm and a face width of 60 mm. The pinion rotates at 200 rev/min and transmits 5 kW to the mating steel gear. What is the resulting bending stress? 10See H. W. Van Gerpen, C. K. Reece, and J. K. Jensen,
A steel spur pinion has a module of 1 mm and 16 teeth cut on the 20◦ full-depth system and is to carry 0.15 kW at 400 rev/min. Determine a suitable face width based on an allowable bending stress of 150 MPa
A 20◦ full-depth steel spur pinion has 17 teeth and a module of 1.5 mm and is to transmit 0.25 kW at a speed of 400 rev/min. Find an appropriate face width if the bending stress is not to exceed 75 MPa.
A 20◦ full-depth steel spur pinion has a diametral pitch of 5 teeth/in and 24 teeth and transmits 6 hp at a speed of 50 rev/min. Find an appropriate face width if the allowable bending stress is 20 kpsi.
A steel spur pinion is to transmit 15 hp at a speed of 600 rev/min. The pinion is cut on the 20◦ full-depth system and has a diametral pitch of 5 teeth/in and 16 teeth. Find a suitable face width based on an allowable stress of 10 kpsi
A 20◦ full-depth steel spur pinion with 18 teeth is to transmit 2.5 hp at a speed of 600 rev/min. Determine appropriate values for the face width and diametral pitch based on an allowable bending stress of 10 kpsi
A 20◦ full-depth steel spur pinion is to transmit 1.5 kW hp at a speed of 900 rev/min. If the pinion has 18 teeth, determine suitable values for the module and face width. The bending stress should not exceed 75 MPa.
A speed reducer has 20◦ full-depth teeth and consists of a 22-tooth steel spur pinion driving a 60-tooth cast-iron gear. The horsepower transmitted is 15 at a pinion speed of 1200 rev/min. For a diametral pitch of 6 teeth/in and a face width of 2 in, find the contact stress.
A gear drive consists of a 16-tooth 20◦ steel spur pinion and a 48-tooth cast-iron gear having a pitch of 12 teeth/in. For a power input of 1.5 hp at a pinion speed of 700 rev/min, select a face width based on an allowable contact stress of 100 kpsi
A gearset has a diametral pitch of 5 teeth/in, a 20◦ pressure angle, and a 24-tooth cast-iron spur pinion driving a 48-tooth cast-iron gear. The pinion is to rotate at 50 rev/min. What horsepower input can be used with this gearset if the contact stress is limited to 100 kpsi and F = 2.5 in?
A 20◦ 20-tooth cast-iron spur pinion having a module of 4 mm drives a 32-tooth cast-iron gear. Find the contact stress if the pinion speed is 1000 rev/min, the face width is 50 mm, and 10 kW of power is transmitted
A steel spur pinion and gear have a diametral pitch of 12 teeth/in, milled teeth, 17 and 30 teeth, respectively, a 20◦ pressure angle, and a pinion speed of 525 rev/min. The tooth properties are Sut = 76 kpsi, Sy = 42 kpsi and the Brinell hardness is 149. For a design factor of 2.25, a face
A milled-teeth steel pinion and gear pair have Sut = 113 kpsi, Sy = 86 kpsi and a hardness at the involute surface of 262 Brinell. The diametral pitch is 3 teeth/in, the face width is 2.5 in, and the pinion speed is 870 rev/min. The tooth counts are 20 and 100. For a design factor of 1.5, rate the
A 20◦ full-depth steel spur pinion rotates at 1145 rev/min. It has a module of 6 mm, a face width of 75 mm, and 16 milled teeth. The ultimate tensile strength at the involute is 900 MPa exhibiting a Brinell hardness of 260. The gear is steel with 30 teeth and has identical material strengths.
A steel spur pinion has a pitch of 6 teeth/in, 17 full-depth milled teeth, and a pressure angle of 20◦. The pinion has an ultimate tensile strength at the involute surface of 116 kpsi, a Brinell hardness of 232, and a yield strength of 90 kpsi. Its shaft speed is 1120 rev/min, its face width
A commercial enclosed gear drive consists of a 20◦ spur pinion having 16 teeth driving a 48-tooth gear. The pinion speed is 300 rev/min, the face width 2 in, and the diametral pitch 6 teeth/in. The gears are grade 1 steel, through-hardened at 200 Brinell, made to No. 6 quality standards,
A 20◦ spur pinion with 20 teeth and a module of 2.5 mm transmits 120 W to a 36-tooth gear. The pinion speed is 100 rev/min, and the gears are grade 1, 18 mm face width, through-hardened steel at 200 Brinell, uncrowned, manufactured to a No. 6 quality standard, and considered to be of open
Repeat Prob. 14–19 using helical gears each with a 20◦ normal pitch angle and a helix angle of 30◦ and a normal diametral pitch of 6 teeth/in.
A spur gearset has 17 teeth on the pinion and 51 teeth on the gear. The pressure angle is 20◦ and the overload factor Ko = 1. The diametral pitch is 6 teeth/in and the face width is 2 in. The pinion speed is 1120 rev/min and its cycle life is to be 108 revolutions at a reliability R = 0.99.
In Sec. 14–10, Eq. (a) is given for Ks based on the procedure in Ex. 14–2. Derive this equation. A speed-reducer has 20◦ full-depth teeth, and the single-reduction spur-gear gearset has 22 and 60 teeth. The diametral pitch is 4 teeth/in and the face width is 3 ¼ in. The pinion shaft
The speed reducer of Prob. 14–24 is to be used for an application requiring 40 hp at 1145 rev/min. Estimate the stresses of pinion bending, gear bending, pinion wear, and gear wear and the attendant AGMA factors of safety (SF )P , (SF )G , (SH )P , and (SH )G . For the reducer, what is the factor
The gearset of Prob. 14–24 needs improvement of wear capacity. Toward this end the gears are nitrided so that the grade 1 materials have hardnesses as follows: The pinion core is 250 and the pinion case hardness is 390 Brinell, and the gear core hardness is 250 core and 390 case. Estimate the
The absolute value of the pitch variation is such that the transmission accuracy level number is 6. The materials are 4340 through-hardened grade 1 steels, heat-treated to 250 Brinell, core and case, both gears. The load is moderate shock and the power is smooth. For a reliability of 0.99, rate the
The gearset of Prob. 14–24 has had its gear specification changed to 9310 for carburizing and surface hardening with the result that the pinion Brinell hardnesses are 285 core and 580–600 case, and the gear hardnesses are 285 core and 580–600 case. Estimate the power rating for the new
The gearset of Prob. 14–27 is going to be upgraded in material to a quality of grade 2 9310 steel. Estimate the power rating for the new gearset.
Matters of scale always improve insight and perspective. Reduce the physical size of the gearset in Prob. 14–24 by one-half and note the result on the estimates of transmitted load Wt and power.
AGMA procedures with cast-iron gear pairs differ from those with steels because life predictions are difficult; consequently (YN) P, (YN) G, (ZN) P, and (ZN) G are set to unity. The consequence of this is that the fatigue strengths of the pinion and gear materials are the same. The reliability is
Spur-gear teeth have rolling and slipping contact (often about 8 percent slip). Spur gears tested to wear failure are reported at 108 cycles as Buckingham’s surface fatigue load-stress factor K. This factor is related to Hertzian contact strength SC by
In Ex. 14–5 use nitrided grade 1 steel (4140) which produces Brinell hardnesses of 250 core and 500 at the surface (case). Use the upper fatigue curves on Figs. 14–14 and 14–15. Estimate the power capacity of the mesh with factors of safety of SF = SH = 1.
In Ex. 14–5 use carburized and case-hardened gears of grade 1. Carburizing and case-hardening can produce a 550 Brinell case. The core hardnesses are 200 Brinell. Estimate the power capacity of the mesh with factors of safety of SF = SH = 1, using the lower fatigue curves in Figs. 14–14 and
In Ex. 14–5, use carburized and case-hardened gears of grade 2 steel. The core hardnesses are 200, and surface hardnesses are 600 Brinell. Use the lower fatigue curves of Figs. 14–14 and 14–15. Estimate the power capacity of the mesh using SF = SH = 1. Compare the power capacity with the
At a constant amplitude, completely reversed bending stress level, the cycles-to-failure experience with 69 specimens of 5160H steel from 1.25-in hexagonal bar stock was as follows: Where L is the life in thousands of cycles, and f is the class frequency of failures. (a) Construct a histogram
Determinations of the ultimate tensile strength Sut of stainless steel sheet (17-7PH, condition TH 1050), in sizes from 0.016 to 0.062 in, in 197 tests combined into seven classes were Where f is the class frequency. Find the mean and standard deviation.
A total of 58 AISI 1018 cold-drawn steel bars were tested to determine the 0.2 percent offset yield strength Sy. The results were Where Sy is the class midpoint and f is the class frequency. Estimate the mean and standard deviation of S y and its PDF assuming a normal distribution.
The base 10 logarithm of 55 cycles-to-failure observations on specimens subjected to a constant stress level in fatigue have been classified as follows: Here y is the class midpoint and f is the class frequency. (a) Estimate the mean and standard deviation of the population from which the sample
A ½ -in nominal diameter round is formed in an automatic screw machine operation that is initially set to produce a 0.5000-in diameter and is reset when tool wear produces diameters in excess of 0.5008 in. The stream of parts is thoroughly mixed and produces a uniform distribution of
The only detail drawing of a machine part has a dimension smudged beyond legibility. The round in question was created in an automatic screw machine and 1000 parts are in stock. A random sample of 50 parts gave a mean dimension of d? = 0.6241 in and a standard deviation of s = 0.000 581 in.
(a) The CDF of the variety x is F (x) = 0.555x − 33, where x is in millimeters. Find the PDF, the mean, the standard deviation, and the range numbers of the distribution. (b) In the expression σ = F/A, the force F = LN (3600, 300) lbf and the area is A = LN (0.112, 0.001) in2. Estimate
A regression model of the form Show that For the data set Find the regression equation and plot the data with the regression model.
R. W. Landgraf reported the following axial (push pull) endurance strengths for steels of differing ultimate strengths: (a) Plot the data with Se as ordinate and Su as abscissa. (b) Using the y = mx + b linear regression model, find the regression line and plot.
In fatigue studies a parabola of the Gerber type Is useful (see Sec. 6-12). Solved for a the preceding equation becomes This implies a regression model of the form y = a0 + a2x2. Show that the normal equations are And that Plot the data Superposed on a plot of the regression line.
Consider the following data collected on a single helical coil extension spring with an initial extension Fi and a spring rate k suspected of being related by the equation F = Fi + kx where x is the deflection beyond initial. The data are (a) Estimate the mean and standard deviation of the initial
In the expression for uniaxial strain the elongation is specified as (0.0015, 0.000 092) in and the length as l ~ (2.0000, 0.0081) in. What are the mean, the standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation of the corresponding strain €
In Hooke’s law for uniaxial stress, the strain is given as (0.0005, 0.000 034) and Young’s modulus as E ~ (29.5, 0.885) Mpsi. Find the mean, the standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation of the corresponding stress in psi.
The stretch of a uniform rod in tension is given by the formula = Fl / AE. Suppose the terms in this equation are random variables and have parameters as follows Estimate the mean, the standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation of the corresponding elongation δ in inches.
The maximum bending stress in a round bar in flexure occurs in the outer surface and is given by the equation If the moment is specified as M ~ (15 000,1350) lbf ?in and the diameter is d ~ (2.00,0.005) in, find the mean, the standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation of the
When a production process is wider than the tolerance interval, inspection rejects a low-end scrap fraction α with x x2. The surviving population has a new density function g(x) related to the original f (x) by a multiplier a. This is because any two observations xi and xj will have the same
An automatic screw machine produces a run of parts with a uniform distribution d =U[0.748, 0.751] in because it was not reset when the diameters reached 0.750 in. The square brackets contain range numbers. (a) Estimate the mean, standard deviation, and PDF of the original production run if the
A spring maker is supplying helical coil springs meeting the requirement for a spring rate k of 10 ± 1 lbf/in. The test program of the spring maker shows that the distribution of spring rate is well approximated by a normal distribution. The experience with inspection has shown that 8.1 percent
The lives of parts are often expressed as the number of cycles of operation that a specified percentage of a population will exceed before experiencing failure. The symbol L is used to designate this definition of life. Thus we can speak of L10 life as the number of cycles to failure exceeded by 90
Fit a normal distribution to the histogram of Prob. 20–1. Superpose the probability density function on the f / (Nw) histographic plot
For Prob. 20–2, plot the histogram with f / (Nw) as ordinate and superpose a normal distribution density function on the histographic plot.
For Prob. 20–3, plot the histogram with f / (Nw) as ordinate and superpose a normal distribution probability density function on the histographic plot.
A 1018 cold-drawn steel has a 0.2 percent tensile yield strength Sy = N (78.4, 5.90) kpsi. A round rod in tension is subjected to a load P = N (40, 8.5) kip. If rod diameter d is 1.000 in, what is the probability that a random static tensile load P from P imposed on the shank with a 0.2 percent
A hot-rolled 1035 steel has a 0.2 percent tensile yield strength Sy = LN (49.6, 3.81) kpsi. A round rod in tension is subjected to a load P = LN (30, 5.1) kip. If the rod diameter d is 1.000 in, what is the probability that a random static tensile load P from P on a shank with a 0.2 percent yield
The tensile 0.2 percent offset yield strength of AISI 1137 cold-drawn steel rounds up to 1 inch in diameter from 2 mills and 25 heats is reported histographically as follows: Where Sy is the class midpoint in kpsi and f is the number in each class. Presuming the distribution is normal, what is the
Repeat Prob. 20–25, presuming the distribution is lognormal. What is the yield strength exceeded by 99 percent of the population? Compare the normal fit of Prob. 20–25 with the lognormal fit by superposing the PDFs and the histographic PDF
A 1046 steel, water-quenched and tempered for 2 h at 1210°F, has a mean tensile strength of 105 kpsi and a yield mean strength of 82 kpsi. Test data from endurance strength testing at 104-cycle life give (S′fe) 104 = W [79, 86.2, 2.60] kpsi. What are the mean, standard deviation, and
An ASTM grade 40 cast iron has the following result from testing for ultimate tensile strength: Sut = W [27.7, 46.2, 4.38] kpsi. Find the mean and standard deviation of Sut, and estimate the chance that the ultimate strength is less than 40 kpsi.
A 1038 heat-treated steel bolt in finished form provided the material from which a tensile test specimen was made. The testing of many such bolts led to the description Sut = W [122.3, 134.6, 3.64] kpsi. What is the probability that the bolts meet the SAE grade 5 requirement of a minimum tensile
A cold-drawn 301SS stainless steel has an ultimate tensile strength given by Sut = W [151.9, 193.6, 8.00] kpsi. Find the mean and standard deviation.
A 100-70-04 nodular iron has tensile and yield strengths described by Sut = W [47.6, 125.6, 11.84] kpsi Sy = W [64.1, 81.0, 3.77] kpsi What is the chance that Sut is less than 100 kpsi? What is the chance that Sy is less than 70 kpsi? A 100-70-04 nodular iron has tensile and yield
A 5160H steel was tested in fatigue and the distribution of cycles to failure at constant stress level was found to be n = W [36.9,133.6, 2.66] in 103 cycles. Plot the PDF of n and the PDF of the lognormal distribution having the same mean and standard deviation. What is the L10 life (see Prob.
A material was tested at steady fully reversed loading to determine the number of cycles to failure using 100 specimens. The results were Where L is the life in cycles and f is the number in each class. Assuming a lognormal distribution, plot the theoretical PDF and the histographic PDF for
The ultimate tensile strength of an AISI 1117 cold-drawn steel is Weibullian, with Su = W [70.3, 84.4, 2.01]. What are the mean, the standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation?
A 60-45-15 nodular iron has a 0.2 percent yield strength Sy with a mean of 49.0 kpsi, a standard deviation of 4.2 kpsi, and a guaranteed yield strength of 33.8 kpsi. What are the Weibull parameters θ and b?
A 35018 malleable iron has a 0.2 percent offset yield strength given by the Weibull distribution Sy = W [34.7, 39.0, 2.93] kpsi. What are the mean, the standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation?
The histographic results of steady load tests on 237 rolling-contact bearings are: Where L is the life in millions of revolutions and f is the number of failures. Fit a lognormal distribution to these data and plot the PDF with the histographic PDF superposed. From the lognormal distribution,
Highway tunnel traffic (two parallel lanes in the same direction) experience indicates the average spacing between vehicles increases with speed. Data from a New York tunnel show that between 15 and 35 mi/h, the space x between vehicles (in miles) is x = 0.324/ (42.1 − v) where v is the
The engineering designer must create (invent) the concept and connectivity of the elements that constitute a design, and not lose sight of the need to develop ideas with optimality in mind. A useful design attribute can be cost, which can be related to the amount of material used (volume or
When one knows the true values x1 and x2 and has approximations X1 and X2 at hand, one can see where errors may arise. By viewing error as something to be added to an approximation to attain a true value, it follows that the error ei, is related to Xi, and xi as xi = Xi + ei(a) Show that the error
Use the true values x1 = √5 and x2 = √6 (a) Demonstrate the correctness of the error equation from Prob. 17 for addition if three correct digits are used for X1 and X2. (b) Demonstrate the correctness of the error equation for addition using three-digit significant numbers for X1 and
Convert the following to appropriate SI units: (a) A stress of 20 000 psi. (b) A force of 350 lbf. (c) A moment of 1200 lbf _ in. (d) An area of 2.4 in2. (e) A second moment of area of 17.4 in4. (f) An area of 3.6 mi2. (g) A modulus of elasticity of 21 Mpsi. (h) A speed of 45 mi/h. (i) A
Convert the following to appropriate ips units: (a) A length of 1.5 m. (b) A stress of 600 MPa. (c) A pressure of 160 kPa. (d) A section modulus of 1.84 (105) mm3. (e) A unit weight of 38.1 N/m. ( f ) A deflection of 0.05 mm. (g) A velocity of 6.12 m/s. (h) A unit strain of 0.0021 m/m. (i)
Generally, final design results are rounded to or fixed to three digits because the given data cannot justify a greater display. In addition, prefixes should be selected so as to limit number strings to no more than four digits to the left of the decimal point. Using these rules, as well as those
Repeat Prob. 1–11 for:(a) τ = F/A, where A = πd2/4, F = 120 kN, and d = 20 mm.(b) σ = 32 Fa/πd3, where F = 800 N, a = 800 mm, and d = 32
Repeat Prob. 1–11 for: (a) τ = F/A, where A = πd2/4, F = 120 kN, and d = 20 mm. (b) σ = 32 Fa/πd3, where F = 800 N, a = 800 mm, and d = 32 mm. (c) Z = (π/32d)(d4 − d4) for d = 36 mm and di = 26 mm. (d) k = (d4G)/(8D3N), where d = 1.6 mm, G = 79.3 GPa, D = 19.2
Determine the minimum tensile and yield strengths for SAE 1020 cold-drawn steel.
Determine the minimum tensile and yield strengths for UNS G10500 hot-rolled steel.
For the materials in Probs. 2–1 and 2–2, compare the following properties: minimum tensile and yield strengths, ductility, and stiffness
Assuming you were specifying an AISI 1040 steel for an application where you desired to maximize the yield strength, how would you specify it?
Assuming you were specifying an AISI 1040 steel for an application where you desired to maximize the ductility, how would you specify it?
Determine the yield strength-to-weight density ratios (called specific strength) in units of inches for UNS G10350 hot-rolled steel, 2024-T4 aluminum, Ti-6A1-4V titanium alloy, and ASTM No. 30 gray cast iron.
Determine the stiffness-to-weight density ratios (called specific modulus) in units of inches for UNS G10350 hot-rolled steel, 2024-T4 aluminum, Ti-6A1-4V titanium alloy, and ASTM No. 30 gray cast iron.
Poisson’s ratio ν is a material property and is the ratio of the lateral strain and the longitudinal strain for a member in tension. For a homogeneous, isotropic material, the modulus of rigidity G is related to Young’s modulus as G = E/2(1 + v) Using the tabulated values of G and E,
A specimen of medium-carbon steel having an initial diameter of 0.503 in was tested in tension using a gauge length of 2 in. The following data were obtained for the elastic and plastic states: Note that there is some overlap in the data. Plot the engineering or nominal stress-strain diagram using
Compute the true stress and the logarithmic strain using the data of Prob. 2–9 and plot the results on log-log paper. Then find the plastic strength coefficient σ0 and the strain-strengthening exponent m. Find also the yield strength and the ultimate strength after the specimen has had 20
The stress-strain data from a tensile test on a cast-iron specimen are Plot the stress-strain locus and find the 0.1 percent offset yield strength, and the tangent modulus of elasticity at zero stress and at 20 kpsi.
A straight bar of arbitrary cross section and thickness h is cold-formed to an inner radius R about an anvil as shown in the figure. Some surface at distance N having an original length L AB will remain unchanged in length after bending. This length is The lengths of the outer and inner surfaces,
A hot-rolled AISI 1212 steel is given 20 percent cold work. Determine the new values of the yield and ultimate strengths

Showing 200 - 300 of 18200

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Last

Step by Step Answers

Services

Sitemap
Fun
Definitions
Become Tutor
Used Textbooks
Study Help Categories
Recent Questions
Expert Questions
Campus Wear
Sell Your Books

Company Info

Security
Copyrights
Privacy Policy
Terms & Conditions
SolutionInn Fee
Scholarship
Online Quiz
Give Feedback, Get Rewards

Get In Touch

About Us
Contact Us
Career
Jobs
FAQ
Student Discount
Campus Ambassador

Secure Payment

Download Our App

© 2026 SolutionInn. All Rights Reserved