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mathematics
statistics

Questions and Answers of Statistics

Windows is a computer software product made by Microsoft Corporation. In designing a new version of Windows, Microsoft telephoned thousands of users of an earlier version of Windows and asked them
A cyberchondriac is defined as a person who regularly searches the Web for health care information. Each year a Harris Poll is conducted to determine the number of cyberchondriacs in the United
Each year, Forbes publishes its Executive Compensation Scoreboard. For the 2011 scoreboard, data were collected for chief executive officers at the 500 largest U.S. companies and the following
The Computer Security Institute (CSI) conducts an annual survey of computer crime at U.S. businesses. CSI sends survey questionnaires to computer security personnel at all U.S. corporations and
What are the economic rewards (e.g., higher salary) to obtaining an MBA degree? This was the question of interest in an article published in the International Economic Review (August 2008). The
Corporate sustainability refers to business practices designed around social and environmental considerations (e.g., "going green"). Business and Society (March 2011) published a paper on how firm
Using the FHWA inspection ratings, each of the 608,272 highway bridges in the United States was categorized as structurally deficient, functionally obsolete, or safe. About 13.5% of the bridges were
The Wallace Company of Houston is a distributor of pipes, valves, and fittings to the refining, chemical, and petrochemical industries. The company was a recent winner of the Malcolm Baldrige
List and define the four elements of a descriptive statistics problem.
The effect of guilt emotion on how a decision maker focuses on the problem was investigated in the Journal of Behavioral Decision Making (January 2007). A total of 171 volunteer students participated
Behavioral Research in Accounting (January 2008) published a study of Machiavellian traits in accountants. Machiavellian describes negative character traits that include manipulation, cunning,
Is the gift you purchased for that special someone really appreciated? This was the question of interest to business professors at Stanford University. Their research was published in the Journal of
To ascertain the effectiveness of their advertising campaigns, firms frequently conduct telephone interviews with consumers using random-digit dialing. With this approach, a random number generator
Corporate merger is a means through which one firm (the bidder) acquires control of the assets of another firm (the target). Recently, there was a frenzy of bank mergers in the United States, as the
The Wakefield plant of Coca-Cola and Schweppes Beverages Limited (CCSB) can produce 4,000 cans of soft drink per minute. The automated process consists of measuring and dispensing the raw ingredients
The employment status (employed or unemployed) of each individual in the U.S. workforce is a set of data that is of interest to economists, business people, and sociologists. To obtain information
A recent court case involved a claim of satellite television subscribers obtaining illegal access to local TV stations. The defendant (the satellite TV company) wanted to sample TV markets nationwide
Recall that the popular prime time ABC television program 20/20 presented several misleading (and possibly unethical) surveys in a segment titled "Fact or Fiction?-Exposes of So-Called Surveys." The
List and define the five elements of an inferential statistical analysis.
Explain the difference between quantitative and qualitative data.
Complete the following table.
Recall that the industry type of the CEO's company (e.g., banking, retailing, etc.) was recorded for each of the 175 CEOs with the highest efficiency (pay-for-performance) ratings. Access the data
Numerical descriptive measures for level of support for corporate sustainability for the 992 senior managers are repeated in the accompanying Minitab printout. One of the managers reported a support
The Superfund Act was passed by Congress to encourage state participation in the implementation of a law relating to the release and cleanup of hazardous substances. Hazardous waste sites financed by
In a study of how external clues influence performance, professors at the University of Alberta and Pennsylvania State University gave two different forms of a midterm examination to a large group of
Thousands of students apply for admission to graduate schools in economics each year with the intention of obtaining a PhD. The Southern Economic Journal (Apr. 2008) published a guide to graduate
At one university, the students are given z-scores at the end of each semester rather than the traditional GPAs. The mean and standard deviation of all students' cumulative GPAs, on which the
A sample data set has a mean of 57 and a standard deviation of 11. Determine whether each of the following sample measurements is outliers. a. 65 b. 21 c. 72 d. 98
Consider the horizontal box plot shown below.a. What is the median of the data set (approximately)?b. What are the upper and lower quartiles of the data set (approximately)?c. What is the
Consider the following two sample data sets.a. Construct a box plot for each data set.b. Identify any outliers that may exist in the two data sets.
For physicians confronted with ethical dilemmas (e.g., end-of-life issues or treatment of patients without insurance), many hospitals provide ethics consultation services. However, not all physicians
Psoriasis is a skin disorder with no known cure and no proven effective pharmacological treatment. An alternative treatment for psoriasis is ichthyotherapy, also known as therapy with the "Doctorfish
Accountants use the term budget lapsing to describe the situation that occurs when unspent funds do not carry over from one budgeting period to the next. Due to budget lapsing, U.S. army hospitals
Consider the top salary offer (in thousands of dollars) received by each member of a sample of 50 MBA students who graduated from the Graduate School of Management at Rutgers, the state university of
The number of semester hours of college credit earned by the candidates had a mean of 141.31 hours and a standard deviation of 17.77 hours. a. Find the z-score for a first-time candidate for the CPA
One of the managers reported a support level of 155 points. Use both a graph and a numerical technique to determine if this observation is an outlier. For Information: Refer to the Business and
Refer to the Financial Management (Spring 1995) study of 49 firms filing for prepackaged bankruptcies, Exercise 2.32 (p. 62). Recall that three types of "prepack" firms exist: (1) those who hold no
Refer to Exercise 2.101 (p. 90) and the data on the number of Superfund sites in each of 75 Arkansas counties.a. There is at least one outlier in the data. Use the methods of this chapter to detect
The data on the sanitation levels of passenger cruise ships: a. Use the box plot method to detect any outliers in the data set. b. Use the z-score method to detect any outliers in the data set. c. Do
A manufacturer of network computer server systems is interested in improving its customer support services. As a first step, its marketing department has been charged with the responsibility of
The delivery times (in days) for a sample of 25 orders are repeated in the accompanying table. (Times marked by an asterisk are associated with customers who subsequently placed additional orders
A corporate acquisition occurs when one corporation purchases all the stock shares of another, essentially taking over the other. The Academy of Management Journal (Aug. 2008) investigated the
Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University developed an algorithm for estimating the sensor motion of a robotic arm by mounting a camera with inertia sensors on the arm (International Journal of
Construct a scatter plot for the data in the following table.
In baseball, there is an old saying that "nice guys finish last." Is this true in the competitive corporate world? Researchers at Harvard University attempted to answer this question and reported
Strategic placement of lobster traps is one of the keys for a successful lobster fisherman. An observational study of teams fishing for the red spiny lobster in Baja California Sur, Mexico, was
Construct a scatter plot for the data, with 2001 Math SAT score on the horizontal axis and 2011 Math SAT score on the vertical axis. What type of trend do you detect?For Information: Refer to
In Geoforum (Vol. 37, 2006), Simon Fraser University professor Nicholas Blomley assessed whether the price of a geography journal is correlated with quality. He collected pricing data (cost for a
A contract engineer at DuPont Corp. studied the rate at which a spilled volatile liquid will spread across a surface (Chemical Engineering Progress, Jan. 2005). Assume 50 gallons of methanol spills
The U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) require government agencies to produce annual performance and accounting reports (PARS) each year. A research team at George Mason University evaluated
Evolutionary theory suggests that motivated decision makers tend to exhibit a right-oriented bias. (For example, if presented with two equally valued brands of detergent on a supermarket shelf,
Construct a scatter plot to investigate the relationship between 2011 value ($ millions) and operating income ($ millions). Would you recommend that an NFL executive use operating income to predict a
Refer to the Journal of Medical Ethics (Vol. 32, 2006) study of physicians' use of ethics consultation, Exercise 2.68. In addition to length of time in practice (i.e., years of experience), the
Data on these two variables for the top 40 PGA golfers are saved in the accompanying file. A professional golfer is practicing a new swing to increase his average driving distance. However, he is
A summary of the results is reproduced in the table. Consider the bar graph shown. Identify two ways in which the bar graph might mislead the viewer by overemphasizing the importance of one of the
While the United States was still actively fighting in the Iraq War, a news media outlet produced a graphic showing a dramatic decline in the annual number of American casualties. The number of
Consider the following graphic, produced by the Silicon Alley Insider, an online publication for business news. The graph is attempting to show the increasing trend in annual revenue produced by
In the summer of 2010, an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil drilling rig caused a leak in one of British Petroleum (BP) Oil Company's wells in the Gulf of Mexico. Crude oil rushed unabated for 3
Consider the following three measurements: 50, 70, 80. Find the z-score for each measurement if they are from a population with a mean and standard deviation equal toa. μ =60, σ =10b. μ =50, σ
What criteria do museums use to evaluate their performance? In a worldwide survey reported in Museum Management and Curatorship (June 2010), managers of 30 leading museums of contemporary art were
For each of the following data sets, compute , s2, and s. If appropriate, specify the units in which your answers are expressed. a. 4, 6, 6, 5, 6, 7 b. -$1, $4,-$3, $0,-$3,-$6 c. 3/5%, 4/5%, 2/5%,
Explain why we generally prefer the standard deviation to the range as a measure of variability for quantitative data.
Construct a scatter gram for the data in the following table.
The U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) is responsible for determining the root cause of industrial accidents (Process Safety Progress, Dec. 2004). The accompanying table gives
Business-to-business marketing describes the field of marketing between multiple business entities. The Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing (Vol. 15,2008) produced a pie chart describing the
The American Bankruptcy Institute and the National Bankruptcy Research Center monitor the number of consumer bankruptcy filings each month. The table on the next page lists the number of bankruptcy
"Reader-response cards" are used by marketers to advertise their product and obtain sales leads. These cards are placed in magazines and trade publications. Readers detach and mail in the cards to
One quantitative variable recorded by the NHTSA is driver's severity of head injury (measured on a scale from 0 to 1,500). The mean and standard deviation for the 98 driver head-injury ratings are
Consider the following data from the automobile industry (adapted from Kane 1989). All cars produced on a particular day were inspected for defects. The 145 defects found were categorized by type as
"Made in the USA" is a claim stated in many product advertisements or on product labels. Advertisers want consumers to believe that the product is manufactured with 100% U.S. labor and
For each day of last year, the number of vehicles passing through a certain intersection was recorded by a city engineer. One objective of this study was to determine the percentage of days that more
Failure of a corporation to obey both federal and state environmental regulations may result in irreparable damage to the environment and costly financial penalties to the firm. The accompanying
Diamonds are categorized according to the "four C's": carats, clarity, color, and cut. Each diamond stone that is sold on the open market is provided a certificate by an independent diamond assessor
Refer to Exercise 2.156. In addition to color and clarity, the independent certification group (GI A, HRD, or IGI) and the number of carats were recorded for each of 308 diamonds for sale on the open
In addition to the number of carats, the asking price for each of the 308 diamonds for sale on the open market was recorded. Construct a scatter plot for the data, with number of carats on the
Owing to several major ocean oil spills by tank vessels, Congress passed the 1990 Oil Pollution Act, which requires all tankers to be designed with thicker hulls. Further improvements in the
Business Ethics (Fall 2005) reported on a survey designed to rank master in business administration (MBA) programs worldwide on how well they prepare students for social and environmental
The Promise Software Engineering Repository is a collection of data sets available to serve businesses in building predictive software models. One such data set, saved in the accompanying file,
The American Rifleman (June 1993) reported on the velocity of ammunition fired from the FEG P9R pistol, a 9 mm gun manufactured in Hungary. Field tests revealed that Winchester bullets fired from the
A manufacturer of industrial wheels is losing many profitable orders because of the long time it takes the firm's marketing, engineering, and accounting departments to develop price quotes for
A time series plot similar to the one shown next appeared in a recent advertisement for a well-known golf magazine. One person might interpret the plot's message as the longer you subscribe to the
Refer to the Academy of Management Journal (Aug. 2008) study of corporate acquisitions from 1980 to 2000, Exercise 2.12.a. Construct a time series plot of the number of firms with at least one
In some locations, radiation levels in homes are measured at well above normal background levels in the environment. As a result, many architects and builders are making design changes to ensure
A chemical company produces a substance composed of 98% cracked corn particles and 2% zinc phosphide for use in controlling rat populations in sugarcane fields. Production must be carefully
If not examined carefully, the graphical description of U.S. peanut production shown below can be misleading.a. Explain why the graph may mislead some readers.b. Construct an undistorted graph of
The U.S. Federal Trade Commission assesses fines and other penalties against weight-loss clinics that make unsupported or misleading claims about the effectiveness of their programs. Brochures from
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act mandates that workers 40 years of age or older be treated without regard to age in all phases of employment (hiring, promotions, firing, etc.). Age
In New Hampshire, about half the counties mandate the use of reformulated gasoline. This has led to an increase in the contamination of groundwater with methyl terf-butyl ether (MTBE). Environmental
In his essay "Making Things Right," W. Edwards Deming considered the role of statistics in the quality control of industrial products.* In one example, Deming examined the quality-control process for
Refer to Exercise 2.18. Calculate the number of the 500 measurements falling into each of the measurement classes. Then graph a frequency histogram for these data.Exercise 2.18Graph the relative
A qualitative variable with three classes (X, Y, and Z) is measured for each of 20 units randomly sampled from a target population. The data (observed class for each unit) are listed below.a. Compute
Consider the stem-and-leaf display shown here. Stem Leaf 5 ...................... 1 4 ...................... 457 3 ...................... 00036 2
Minitab was used to generate the following histogram:a. Is this a frequency histogram or a relative frequency histogram? Explain. b. How many measurement classes were used in the construction of this
Recall that 351 organizations responded on unauthorized use of computer systems. One of the survey questions asked respondents to indicate the percentage of monetary losses attributable to malicious
Corporate sustainability, recall, refers to business practices designed around social and environmental considerations. Data on the level of support for corporate sustainability were obtained for 992
To minimize the potential for gastrointestinal disease outbreaks, all passenger cruise ships arriving at U.S. ports are subject to unannounced sanitation inspections. Ships are rated on a 100-point
The data file includes the number of firms with at least one acquisition each year. a. Construct either a dot plot or a stem-and-leaf display for the annual number of firms with at least one
Each year Forbes reports on the value of all teams in the National Football League. Although England's soccer team, Manchester United, is the most valuable team in the world ($1.8 billion), the NFL
Educators are constantly evaluating the efficacy of public schools in the education and training of American students. One quantitative assessment of change over time is the difference in scores on
In a manufacturing plant, a work center is a specific production facility that consists of one or more people and/or machines and is treated as one unit for the purposes of capacity requirements for

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