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physics
thermodynamics

Questions and Answers of Thermodynamics

Samples of copper, aluminum, and water experience the same temperature rise when they absorb the same amount of heat. What is the ratio of their masses?
A 35-g glass thermometer reads 21.6oC before it is places in 135mL of water. When the water and thermometer come to equilibrium, the thermometer reads 39.2oC. What was the original temperature of the
What will be the equilibrium temperature when a 245-g block of copper at 285oC is placed in a 145-g aluminum calorimeter cup containing 825 g of water at 12.0oC?
A hot iron horseshoe (mass = 0.40kg), just forget (Fig. 14-16). Is dropped into 1.35L of water in a 0.30-kg iron port initially at 20.0oC if the final equilibrium temperature is 25.0o C, estimate the
A 215-g sample of a substance is heated to 330oC and then plunged into a 105-g aluminum calorimeter cup containing 165g of water and 1 17-g glass thermometer at 12.5oC. The final temperature is
How long does it take a 750-W coffeepot to bring to a boil 0.75L of water initially at 8.0oC? Assume that the part of the pot which is heated with the water is made of 360 g of aluminum, and that no
Estimate the Calorie content of 75 g of candy from the following measurements. A 15-g sample of the candy is allowed to dry before putting it in a bomb calorimeter. The aluminum bomb has a mass of
When a 290-g piece of iron at 180oC is placed in a 95-g aluminum calorimeter cup containing 250 g of glycerin at 10oC, the final temperature is observed to be 38oC. Estimate the specific heat of
The 1.20-kg head of a hammer has a speed of 6.5 m/s just before it strikes a nail (Fig. 14-17) and is brought to rest. Estimate the temperature rise of a 14-g iron nail generated by 10 such hammer
A 0.095-kg aluminum sphere is dropped from the roof of a 45-m-high building. If 65% of the thermal energy produced when it hits the ground is absorbed by the sphere, what is its temperature increase?
The heat capacity, C, of an object is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise its temperature by 1 Co. Thus, to raise the temperature by ΔT requires heat Q give by Q = C ΔT. (a)
How much heat is needed to melt 16.50 kg of silver that is initially at 20oC?
During exercise, a person may give off 180 kcal of heat in 30 min by evaporation of water from the skin. How much water has been lost?
If 2.80 X 105 J of energy is supplied to a flask of liquid oxygen at – 183oC, how much oxygen can evaporate?
A 30-g ice cube at its melting point is dropped into an insulated container of liquid nitrogen. How much nitrogen evaporates if it is at its boiling point of 77K and has a latent heat of vaporization
A cube of ice is taken from the freezer at – 8.5oC and placed in a 95-g aluminum calorimeter filled with 310 g of water at room temperature of 20.0oC. The final situation is observed to be all
An iron boiler of mass 230 kg contains 830 kg of water at 18oC. A heater supplies energy at the rate of 52,000kJ/h. How long does it take for the water?(a) To reach the boiling point, and (b) To all
In a hot day’s race a bicyclist consumes 8.0 L of water over the span of four hours. Making the approximation that all of the cyclist’s energy goes into evaporating this water as sweat, how much
What mass of steam at 100oC must be added to 1.00 kg of ice at 0oC to yield liquid water at 20oC?
The specific heat of mercury is 138J/kg Co. Determine the latent heat of fusion of mercury using the following calorimeter data: 1.00 kg of solid Hg at its melting point of -39.0oC is placed in a
A 70-g bullet travelling at 250 m/s penetrates a block of ice at 0oC and comes to rest within the ice. Assuming that the temperature of the bullet doesn’t change appreciably, how much ice is melted
A 54.0-kg ice-skater moving at 6.4m/s glides to a stop. Assuming the ice is at 0oC and that 50% of the heat generated by friction is absorbed by the ice, how much ice melts?
At a crime scene, the forensic investigator notes that the 8.2-g lead bullet that was stopped in a doorframe apparently melted completely on impact. Assuming the bullet was fired at room temperature
One end of a 33-cm-long aluminum rod with a diameter of 2.0 cm is kept at 460oC, and the other is immersed in water at 22oC. Calculate the heat conduction rate along the rod.
Calculate the rate of heat flow by conduction in Example 14-10. assuming that there are strong gusty winds and the external temperature is –5oC.
(a) How much power is radiated by a tungsten sphere (emissivity e = 0.35) of radius 22cm at a temperature of 25oC?(b) If the sphere is enclosed in a room whose walls are kept at – 5oC, what is the
Heat conduction to skin, suppose 200 W of heat flows by conduction from the blood capillaries beneath the skin to the body’s surface area of 1.5m2. If the temperature difference is 0.50Co, estimate
Two rooms, each a cube 4.0m per side, share a 12-cm-thick brick wall. Because of a number of 100-W lightbulbs in one room, the air is at 30oC, while in the other room it is at 10oC. How many of the
How long does it take the Sun to melt a block of ice at 0oC with a flat horizontal area 1.0m2 and thickness 1.0cm? Assume that the Sun’s rays make an angle of 30o with the vertical and that the
A copper rod and an aluminum rod of the same length and cross-sectional area are attached end to end (Fig. 14-18). The copper end is placed in a furnace maintained at a constant temperature of 250oC.
(a) Using the solar constant, estimate the rate at which the whole Earth receives energy from the Sun.(b) Assume the Earth radiates and equal amount back into space (that is, the Earth is in
A 100-W lightbulb generates 95 W of heat, which is dissipated through a glass bulb that has a radius of 3.0cm and is 1.0 mm thick. What is the difference in temperature between the inner and outer
Suppose the insulating qualities of the wall of a house come mainly from a 4.0-in, layer of brick and an R-19 layer of insulation, as shown in Fig. 14-19. What is the total rate of heat loss through
A double-glazed window has two panes of glass separated by an air space, Fig. 14-20.(a) Show that the rate of heat flow through such a window by conduction is given by where k1, k2, and k3 are the
Approximately how long should it take 11.0 kg of ice at 0oC to melt when it is placed in a carefully sealed Styrofoam ice chest of dimensions 25 cm X 35 cm X 55 cm whose walls are 1.5cm think? Assume
A soft-drink can contains about 0.20 kg of liquid at 5oC. Drinking this liquid can actually consume some of the fat in the body, since energy is needed to warm the water to body temperature (37oC).
Of coal gives off 30 MJ/kg when it is burned, how much coal would be needed to heat a house that requires 2.0 X 105 MJ for the whole winter? Assume that 30% of the heat is lost up the chimney?
To get an idea of how much thermal energy is contained in the world’s oceans, estimate the heat liberated when a cube of ocean water, 1 km on each side, is cooled by 1 K. (Approximate the ocean
A 15-g lead bullet is tested by firing it into a fixed block of wood with a mass of 1.05 kg. The block and imbedded bullet together absorb all the heat generated. After thermal equilibrium has been
(a) Find the total power radiated into space by the Sun, assuming it to be a perfect emitter at T = 5500 K. The Sun€™s radius is 7.0 X 108 m.(b) From this, determine the power per unit area
During light activity, a 70-kg person may generate 200kcal/h assuming that 20% of this goes into useful work and the other 80% is converted to heat, calculate the temperature rise of the body after
A 340-kg marble boulder rolls off the top of a cliff and falls a vertical height of 140m before striking the ground. Estimate the temperature rise of the rock if 50% of the heat generated remains in
A 2.3-kg lead ball is dropped into a 2.5-L insulated pail of water initially at 20.0oC, if the final temperature of the water-lead combination is 28.0oC, what was the initial temperature of the lead
A mountain climber wears a goose down jacket 3.5cm thick with total surface area 1.2m2. The temperature at the surface of the clothing is –20oC and at the skin is 34oC. Determine the rate of heat
A marathon runner has an average metabolism rate of about 950 kcal/h during a race. If the runner has a mass of 55 kg, estimate how much water the would lose to evaporation from the skin for a race
Estimate the rate at which heat can be conducted from the interior of the body to the surface. Assume that the thickness off tissue is 4.0 cm, that the skin is at 34oC and the interior at 37oC, and
A house has well-insulated walls 17.5 cm thick (assume conductivity of air) and area 410 m2, a roof of wood 6.5 cm thick and area 280m2, and uncovered windows 0.65cm thick and total area 33m2. (a)
A 15-g lead bullet traveling at 220m/s passes through a thin wall and emerges at a speed of 160 m/s. If the bulled absorbs 50% of the heat generated.(a) What will be the temperature rise of the
A leaf of area 40cm2 and mass 4.5 X 10-4 kg directly faces the Sun on a clear day. The leaf has an emissivity of 0.85 and a specific heat of 0.80 kcal/kg K.(a) Estimate the rate of rise of the
Using the result of part (a) In Problem 58, take into account radiation from the leaf to calculate how much water must be transpired (evaporated) by the leaf per hour to maintain a temperature of
An iron meteorite melts when it enters the Earth’s atmosphere. If its initial temperature was –125oC outside of Earth’s atmosphere, calculate the minimum velocity the meteorite must have had
The temperature within the Earth’s crust increases about 1.0Co for 3each 30 m of depth. The thermal conductivity of the crust is 0.80 W/Co m.(a) Determine the heat transferred from the interior to
In a typical game of squash (Fig. 14-22), two people hit a soft rubber ball at a wall until they are about to drop due to dehydration and exhaustion. Assume that the ball hits the wall at a velocity
What will be the final result when equal masses of ice at 0oC and steam at 100oC are mixed together?
In a cold environment, a person can lose heat by conduction and radiation at a rate of about 200 W. Estimate how long it would take for the body temperature to drop from 36.6oC to 35.6oC if
After a hot shower and dishwashing, there is “not hot water” left in the 50-gal (185-L) water heater. This suggests that the tank has emptied and refilled with water at roughly 10oC. (a) How much
The temperature of the glass surface of a 60-W lightbulb is d65oC when the room temperature is 18oCm Estimate the temperature of a 150-W lightbulb with a glass bulb the same size. Consider only
Calculate the number of molecules/m3 in an ideal gas at STP.
How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?
Estimate the number of (a) Moles, and (b) Molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km?
A cubic box of volume 5.1 X 10-2 m3 is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20oC. The box is closed and heated to 180oC. What is the net force on each side of the box?
Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that was also in the last breath Galileo took.
(a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?(b) What is the total translation kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of O2 molecules at 20oC?
Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000K.
By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 0oC to 100oC?
A gas is at 20oC. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?
Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s : 6,2,4,6,0,4,1,8,5,3,7, and 8. Calculate tem rms speed.
The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0oC is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?
If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor does vrms change?
Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given by vrms = √3P/p, where P is the pressure in the gas, and p is the gas density.
Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.
What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5-m3 volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?
Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0oC and (b) Determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few
What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP?
(a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37oC.(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37oC?
Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P = 1/3pv2, where p is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.
The two isotopes of uranium, 235U and 238 U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with flouring to make the gaseous compound
(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can CO2 exist?(b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can CO2 be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13-21.
Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is? (a) 90oC,(b) –20oC?
What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25oC?
What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90oC?
If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72atm, estimate the temperature at which water boils.
What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530Pa and the relative humidity is 40%?
What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25oC and the relative humidity is 35%?
What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120oC? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20oC?
If the humidity in a room of volume 680 m3 at 25oC is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?
Air that is at its dew point of 5oC is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25oC. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account
Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13.14) to diffuse a distance of 15 μm in water at 20oC if its concentration varies over that distance from 1.00 mol/m3 to 0.40 mol/m3.
(a) Show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20oC is about 8.7 mol/m3, than (b) Calculate the diffusion rate J, and (c) Estimate the average time for a molecule to
A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20oC. At 34oC, (a) Will it read high or low, and(b) What will be the percentage error?
A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80oC, instead of at
The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the
Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5m, width 3.1m, and height 2.5m. Assume the temperature is 22oC. How many moles does that correspond to?
In outer space the density of matter is about one atom per cm3, mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in
The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is about 10-12Nm/2. AT such a pressure, how many molecules are there per cm3 at 0oC?
If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if the quickly rose to the4 surface? Is this advisable?
A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h. Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what
The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 110oC to 360oC while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does vrms change?
A house has volume of 770m3. (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20oC?(b) IF the temperature drops to – 10oC, what mass of air enters or leaves the house?
From the know value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.

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