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physics
thermodynamics

Questions and Answers of Thermodynamics

The p-V diagram in Figure shows two paths along which a sample of gas can be taken from state a to state 4 where Vb = 3.0V1. Path 1 requires that energy equal to 5.0p1V1 be transferred to the gas as
A cube of edge length 6.0 x 10-6 m, emissivity 0.75, and temperature – 100oC floats in an environment at – 150oC. What is the cube's net thermal radiation transfer rate?
A flow calorimeter is a device used to measure the specific heat of a liquid. Energy is added as heat at a known rate to a stream of the liquid as it passes through the calorimeter at a known rate.
An object of mass 6.00 kg falls through a height of 50.0 m and, by means of a mechanical linkage, rotates a paddle wheel that stirs 0.600 kg of water. Assume that the initial gravitational potential
Gold has a molar mass of 197g/mol.(a) How many moles of gold are in a 2.50 g sample of pure gold?(b) How many atoms are in the sample?
Find the mass in kilograms of 7.50 x 1024 atoms of arsenic, which has a molar mass of 74.9 g/mol.
The best laboratory vacuum has a pressure of about 1.00 x 10-18 atm, or 1.01 x 10-13 Pa. How many gas molecules are there per cubic centimeter in such a vacuum at 293 K?
Compute(a) The number of moles and(b) The number of molecules in 1.00 cm3 of an ideal gas at a pressure of 100 Pa and a temperature of 220 K.
An automobile tire has a volume of 1 .64 x 10-2 m3 and contains air at a gauge pressure (pressure above atmospheric pressure) of 165 kPa when the temperature is 0.00"C. What is the gauge pressure of
A quantity of ideal gas at 10.0oC and 100 kPa occupies a volume of 2.50 m3.(a) How many moles of the gas are present?(b) If the pressure is now raised to 300 kPa and the temperature is raised to
Oxygen gas having a volume of 1000 cm3 at 40.0oC and 1.01 x 105 Pa expands until its volume is 1500 cm3 and its pressure is 1.06 x 10s Pa. Find(a) The number of moles of oxygen present and(b) The
A container encloses 2 mol of an ideal gas that has molar mass M1 and 0.5 mol of a second ideal gas that has molar mass M2 = 3M1 What fraction of the total pressure on the container wall is
Suppose 1.80 mol of an ideal gas is taken from a volume of 3.00 m3 to a volume of 1.50 m3 via an isothermal compression at 30oC.(a) How much energy is transferred as heat during the compression,
Water bottle in a hot car in the American Southwest, the temperature in a closed car parked in sunlight during the summer can be high enough to burn flesh. Suppose a bottle of water at a refrigerator
Suppose 0.825 mol of an ideal gas undergoes an isothermal expansion as energy is added to it as heat Q. It Figure 19-20 shows the final volume V1versus Q, what is the gas temperature? The scale of
In the temperature range 310 K to 330 K, the pressure p of a certain non ideal gas is related to volume V and temperature T by how much work is done by the gas if its temperature is raised from 315 K
Air that initially occupies 0.140 m3 at a gauge pressure of 103.0 kPa is expanded isothermally to a pressure of 101.3 kPa and then cooled at constant pressure until it reaches its initial volume.
Submarine rescue when the U. S. submarine Squalus became disabled at a depth of 80m, o cylindrical chamber was lowered from a ship to rescue the crew. The chamber had a radius of 1.00 m and a height
A sample of an ideal gas is taken through the cyclic process abca shown in Figure. The scale of the vertical axis is set by p?? = 7 .5 kPa and pb = 2.5 kPa. At point a, T = 200 K. (a) How many moles
An air bubble of volume 20 cm3 is at the bottom of a lake 40 m deep, where the temperature is 4.0oC. The bubble rises to the surface, which is at a temperature of 20oC.Take the temperature of the
Container A in Figure holds an ideal gas at a pressure of 5.0 x 105 Pa and a temperature of 300 K. It is connected by a thin tube (and a closed valve) to container B, with four times the volume of A.
Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms at 1000 K. See Appendix F for the molar mass of helium atoms.
The lowest possible temperature in outer space is 2.7 K. What is the rms speed of hydrogen molecules at this temperature? (The molar mass is given in Table 19-1.)
Find the rms speed of argon atoms at 313 K. See Appendix F for the molar mass of argon atoms.
(a) Compute the rms speed of a nitrogen molecule at 20.0oC, the molar mass of nitrogen molecules (Nr) is given in Table 19-1 at what temperatures will the rms speed be(b) Half that value and(c) Twice
The temperature and pressure in the Sun's atmosphere are 2.00 x 106 K and 0.0300 Pa. Calculate the rms speed of free electrons (mass 9.11 x 10-31 kg) there, assuming they are an ideal gas.
A beam of hydrogen molecules (H2) is directed toward a wall, at an angle of 55o with the normal to the wall. Each molecule in the beam has a speed of 1.0 km/s and a mass of 3.3 x 10-24 g. The beam
At 273 K and 1.00 x l0-2 atm, the density of a gas is 1.24 x 10-5 glcm3.(a) Find vrms, for the gas molecules.(b) Find the molar mass of the gas and(c) Identify the gas.
Determine the average value of the translational kinetic energy of the molecules of an ideal gas at(a) 0.00oC and(b) 100oC. What is the translational kinetic energy per mole of an ideal gas at(c)
What is the average translational kinetic energy of nitrogen molecules at 1600 K?
Water standing in the open at 32.0oC evaporates because of the escape of some of the surface molecules. The heat of vaporization (539cal/g) is approximately equal to en, where e is the average energy
The mean free path of nitrogen molecules at 0.0oC and 1.0 atm is 0.80 x 10-5 cm. At this temperature and pressure there are 2.7 x 1019molecules/cm3. What is the molecular diameter?
The atmospheric density at an altitude of 2500 km is about 1 molecule/cm3.(a) Assuming the molecular diameter of 2.0 x 10-8 cm, find the mean free path predicted by Eq. 19-25. (b) Explain whether the
At what frequency would the wavelength of sound in air be equal to the mean free path of oxygen molecules at 1.0 atm pressure and 0.00oC? Take the diameter of an oxygen molecule to be 3.0 x 10-8 cm.
In a certain particle accelerator, protons travel around a circular path of diameter 23.0 m in an evacuated chamber, whose residual gas is at 295 K and 1.00 x 10-6 torr pressure.(a) Calculate the
At 20oC and 750 torr pressure, the mean free paths for argon gas (Ar) and nitrogen gas (N2) are λAr = 9.9 x 10-6 cm and λA2 = 27.5 x 10-6 cm.(a) Find the ratio of the diameter of an Ar atom to that
Ten particles are moving with the following speeds: four at 200 m/s, two at 500 m/s, and four at 600 m/s. Calculate their(a) Average and(b) Rms speeds.(c) Is vrms > V avg?
The speeds of 22 particles are as follows (Ni represents the number of particles that have speed vi): What are (a) V avg, (b) Vrms, and (c)vp?
The speeds of 10 molecules are 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, ., 11 km/s. What are their(a) Average speed and(b) Rms speed?
Figure gives the probability distribution for nitrogen gas. The scale of the horizontal axis is set by vs = 1200m/s. What are the (a) Gas temperature and (b) Rms speed of themolecules?
At what temperature does the rms speed of?(a) H2 (molecular hydrogen) and(b) O2 (molecular oxygen) equals the escape speed from Earth (Table 13-2)? At what temperature does the rms speed of?(c) H2
Two containers are at the same temperature. The first contains gas with pressure pt, molecular mass m1, and rms speed vrms1.The second contains gas with pressure 2.0p1, molecular mass m2, and average
A hydrogen molecule (diameter L.0 x 10-8 cm), traveling at the rms speed, escapes from a 4000 K furnace into a chamber containing cold argon atoms (diameter 3.0 x 10-8 cm) at a density of 4.0 x 101e
It is found that the most probable speed of molecules in a gas when it has (uniform) temperature T2 is the same as the rms speed of the molecules in this gas when it has (uniform) temperature T1.
Figure shows a hypothetical speed distribution for a sample of N gas particles (not that P(v) = 0 for speed v > 2v0). What are the values of? (a) Av0, (b) vavg/v0, and (c) vrms/v0? (d) What
What is the internal energy of 1.0 mol of an ideal monatomic gas at 273 K?
The temperature of 2.00 mol of an ideal monatomic gas is raised 15.0 K at constant volume. What are(a) The work W done by the gas,(b) The energy transferred as heat Q,(c) The change ΔEint in the
Under constant pressure, the temperature of 2.00 mol of an ideal monatomic gas is raised 15.0 K. What are?(a) The work V/done by the gas,(b) The energy transferred as heat Q,(c) The change ΔEint, in
A container holds a mixture of three non reacting gases: 2.40 mol of gas 1 with Cv1 = 12.0 J/mol ?? K, 1.50 mol of gas 2 with Cv2 = 12.8 J/mol ?? K and 3.20 mol of gas 3 with Cv3 = 20.0 J/mol ?? K.
One mole of an ideal diatomic gas goes from a to c along the diagonal path in Figure. The scale of the vertical axis is set by pab = 5.0kPa and pc = 2.0 kPa, and the scale of the horizontal axis is
The mass of a gas molecule can be computed from its specific heat at constant volume cv. (Note that this is not Cv) Take cv = 0.075 cal/g ∙ Co for argon and calculate(a) The mass of an argon atom
When 20.9 J was added as heat to a particular ideal gas, the volume of the gas changed from 50.0 cm3 to 100 cm3 while the pressure remained at 1.00 atm.(a) By how much did the internal energy of the
The temperature of 3.00 mol of an ideal diatomic gas is increased by 40.0 Co without the pressure of the gas changing. The molecules in the gas rotate but do not oscillate. (a) How much energy is
We give 70J as heat to a diatomic gas, which then expands at constant pressure. The gas molecules rotate but do not oscillate. By how much does the internal energy of the gas increase?
When 1.0 mol of oxygen (O2) gar is heated at constant pressure starting at OoC, how much energy must be added to the gas as heat to double its volume? (The molecules rotate but do not oscillate.)
Suppose 12.0g of oxygen (O2) gas is heated at constant atmospheric pressure from 25.0oC to 125oC. (a) How many moles of oxygen are present? (See Table 19-1, for the molar mass.) (b) How much energy
Suppose 4.00 mol of an ideal diatomic gas, with molecular rotation but not oscillation, experienced a temperature increase of 60.0 K under constant-pressure conditions. What are? (a) The energy
Suppose 1.00 L of a gas with γ = 1.30, initially at 273 K and 1.00 atm, is suddenly compressed adiabatically to half its initial volume. Find it’s final (a) Pressure and (b)
A certain gas occupies a volume of 4.3 L at a pressure of 1.2 atm and a temperature of 310 K. It is compressed adiabatically to a volume of 0.76 L. Determine(a) The final pressure and(b) The final
We know that for an adiabatic process pVγ = a constant. Evaluate "a constant" for an adiabatic process involving exactly 2.0 mol of an ideal gas passing through the state having exactly p = 1.0 atm
Figure shows two paths that may be taken by a gas from an initial point i to a final point f. Path 1 consists of an isothermal expansion (work is 50 J in magnitude), an adiabatic expansion (work is
Adiabatic wind the normal airflow over the Rocky Mountains is west to east. The air loses much of its moisture content and is chilled as it climbs the western side of the mountains. When it descends
A gas is to be expanded from initial state i to final state f along either path 1 or path 2 on a p-V diagram. Path 1 consists of three steps: an isothermal expansion (work is 40 J in magnitude), an
Opening champagne In a bottle of champagne, the pocket of gas (primarily carbon dioxide) between the liquid and the cork is at pressure of pi = 5.00 atm. When the cork is pulled from the bottle, the
The volume of an ideal gas is adiabatically reduced from 200 L to 74.3 L. The initial pressure and temperature are 1.00 atm and 300 K. The final pressure is 4.00 atm.(a) Is the gas monatomic,
An ideal diatomic gas, with rotation but no oscillation, undergoes an adiabatic compression. Its initial pressure and volume are 1 .20 atm and 0.200 m3. Its final pressure is 2.40 atm. How much work
Figure shows a cycle undergone by 1.00 mol of an ideal monatomic gas. The temperatures are T1 = 300 K, T2 = 600 K, and T3 = 455 K. For 1 ? 2, what are?(a) Heat Q,(b) The change in internal energy
In an interstellar gas cloud at 50.0 K, the pressure is 1.00 x 10-8 Pa. Assuming that the molecular diameters of the gases in the cloud are all 20.0nm, what is their mean free path?
The temperature of 3.00 mol of a gas with Cv = 6.00cal/mol ∙ K is to be raised 50.0 K. If the process is at constant volume, what are?(a) The energy transferred as heat Q,(b) The work W done by the
Oxygen (O2) gas at 273 K and 1.0 atm is confined to a cubical container 10 cm on a side. Calculate ΔUg/Kavg, where ΔUg is the change in the gravitational potential energy of an oxygen molecule
The envelope and basket of a hot-air balloon have a combined weight of 2.45kN, and the envelope has a capacity (volume) of 2.18 x 103 m3. When it is fully inflated, what should be the temperature of
(a) An ideal gas initially at pressure ps undergoes a free expansion until its volume is 3.00 times its initial volume. What then is the ratio of its pressure to p0? (b) The gas is next slowly and
The temperature of 2.00 mol of an ideal monatomic gas is raised 15.0 K in an adiabatic process. What are?(a) The work W done by the gas,(b) The energy transferred as heat Q,(c) The change ΔEint in
During a compression at a constant pressure of 250 Pa, the volume of an ideal gas decreases from 0.80 m3 to 0.20 m3. The initial temperature is 360 K, and the gas loses 210 J as heat. What are(a) The
At what frequency do molecules (diameter 290 pm) collide in (an ideal) oxygen gas (O2) at temperature 400 K and pressure 2.00 atm?
An ideal gas consists of 1.50mol of diatomic molecules that rotate but do not oscillate. The molecular diameter is 250 pm. The gas is expanded at a constant pressure of 1.50 x 105 Pa, with a transfer
An ideal monatomic gas initially has a temperature of 330 K and a pressure of 6.00 atm. It is to expand from volume 500 cm3 to volume 1500 cm3. If the expansion is isothermal, what are?(a) The final
An ideal gas with 3.00 mol is initially in state 1 with pressure p1 = 20.0 atm and volume V1 = 1500 cm3. First it is taken to state 2 with pressure p2 = 1.50p1 and volume V2 = 2.00V1. Then it is
An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic compression from p = 1.0 atm, V = 1.0 x 106L, T = 0.0oC to p = 1.0 x 105 atm, V = l0 x 103 L.(a) Is the gas monatomic, diatomic, or polyatomic?(b) What is its
An ideal gas, at initial temperature T1 and initial volume 2.0m3, is expanded adiabatically to a volume of 4.0 m3, then expanded isothermally to a volume of 10 m3, and then compressed adiabatically
A sample of ideal gas expands from an initial pressure and volume of.32 atm and 1.0L to a final volume of 4.0L. The initial temperature is 300 K. If the gas is monatomic and the expansion isothermal,
Calculate the work done by an external agent during an isothermal compression of 1.00 mol of oxygen from a volume of 22.4 L at 0oC and 1.00 atm to a volume of 16.8 L.
A steel tank contains 300 g of ammonia gas (NH3) at a pressure of 1.35 x 106 Pa and a temperature of 77oC.(a) What is the volume of the tank in liters?(b) Later the temperature is 22oC and the
At what temperature do atoms of helium gas have the same rms speed as molecules of hydrogen gas at 20.0oC? (The molar masses are given in Table 19-1.)
Figure shows a hypothetical speed distribution for particles of a certain gas: P(v) = Cv2 for 0 < v < v0 and P(r) 0 for v > v0. Find(a) An expression for C in terms of v0,(b) The average speed of the
In an industrial process the volume of 25.0 mol of a monatomic ideal gas is reduced at a uniform rate from 0.616 m3 to 0.308 m3 in 2.00 h while its temperature is increased at a uniform rate from 27
An ideal gas undergoes isothermal compression from an initial volume of 4.00 m3 to a final volume of 3.00 m3. There is 3.50 mol of the gas, and its temperature is 10.0oC.(a) How much work is done by
(a) What is the number of molecules per cubic meter in air at 20oC and at a pressure of 1.0 atm (= 1.01 x 105 Pa)?(b) What is the mass of 1.0 m3 of this air? Assume that 75% of the molecules are
Figure shows a cycle consisting of five paths: AB is isothermal at 300 K, BC is adiabatic with work = 5.0 J, CD is at a constant pressure of 5 atm, D E is isothermal, and EA is adiabatic with a
An ideal gas initially at 300 K is compressed at a constant pressure of 25 N/m2 from a volume of 3.0 m3 to a volume of 1.8 m3. In the process, 75 J is lost by the gas as heat. What are?(a) The change
An ideal gas is taken through a complete cycle in three steps: adiabatic expansion with work equal to 125 J, isothermal contraction at 325 K, and increase in pressure at constant volume.(a) Draw a
(a) What is the volume occupied by 1.00 mol of an ideal gas at standard conditions–that is, 1.00 atm (= 1.01 x 105 Pa) and 273 K?(b) Show that the number of molecules per cubic centimeter (the
A 2.50mol sample of an ideal gas expands reversibly and isothermally at 360K until its volume is doubled. What is the increase in entropy of the gas?
How much energy must be transferred as heat for a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas at 132oC if the entropy of the gas increases by 46.0 J/K?
Find(a) The energy absorbed as heat and(b) The change in entropy of a 2.00 kg block of copper whose temperature is increased reversibly from 25.0oC to 1,00oC. The specific heat of copper is 386 J/kg
(a) What is the entropy change of a 12.0 g ice cube that melts completely in a bucket of water whose temperature is just above the freezingpoint of water?(b) What is the entropy change of a 5.00 g
Suppose 4.00 mol of an ideal gas undergoes a reversible isothermal expansion from volume V1 to volume V2 = 2.00 V1 at temperature T = 400 K. Find(a) The work done by the gas and(b) The entropy change
An ideal gas undergoes a reversible isothermal expansion at 77.0C, increasing its volume from 1.30 L to 3.40L. The entropy change of the gas is 22.0 J/K. How many moles of gas are present?
In an experiment, 200 g of aluminum (with a speciflc heat of 900 J/kg'K) at 100oC is mixed with 50.0 g of water at 20.0oC, with the mixture thermally isolated.(a) What is the equilibrium temperature?
A 364g block is put in contact with a thermal reservoir. The block is initially at a lower temperature than the reservoir. Assume that the consequent transfer of energy as heat from the reservoir to

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