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physics
thermodynamics

Questions and Answers of Thermodynamics

A rookie crew was left to put in the final 1 km of rail for a stretch of railroad track. When they finished, the temperature was 20oC, and they headed to town for some refreshments with their
A car has a 60-L steel gas tank filled to the top with gasoline when the temperature is 10oC. The coefficient of volume expansion of gasoline is b = 0.900 x 10–3 K–1. Taking the expansion of
A thermometer has an ordinary glass bulb and thin glass tube filled with 1 mL of mercury. A temperature change of 1 Co changes the level of mercury in the thin tube by 3.0 mm. Find the inside
A mercury thermometer consists of a 0.4-mm capillary tube connected to a glass bulb. The mercury rises 7.5 cm as the temperature of the thermometer increases from 35oC to 43oC. Find the volume of the
A grandfather's clock is calibrated at a temperature of 20oC.(a) On a hot day, when the temperature is 30oC, does the clock run fast or slow?(b) How much does it gain or lose in a 24-h period? Assume
A steel tube has an outside diameter of 3.000 cm at room temperature (20oC). A brass tube has an inside diameter of 2.997 cm at the same temperature. To what temperature must the ends of the tubes be
What is the tensile stress in the copper collar of Problem 7 when its temperature returns to 20oC?
The phase diagram in figure can be interpreted to yield information on how the boiling and melting points of water change with altitude.(a) Explain how this information can be obtained.(b) How might
For the phase diagram given in figure state what changes (if any) occur for each line segment?AB, BC, CD, and DE?in (a) Volume and (b) Phase. (c) For what type of substance would OH be replaced by
(a) Calculate the volume of 1 mol of steam at 100oC and a pressure of 1 atm, assuming that it is an ideal gas.(b) Find the temperature at which the steam will occupy the volume found in part (a) if
From Figure, find (a) The temperature at which water boils on a mountain where the atmospheric pressure is 70kPa, (b) The temperature at which water will boil in a container in which the pressure has
The van der Waals constants for helium are a = 0.03412 L2∙atm/mol2 and b = 0.0237 L/mol. Use these data to find the volume in cubic centimeters occupied by one helium atom and to estimate the
(a) For a van der Waals gas, show that the critical temperature is 8a/27Rb and the critical pressure is a/27b2.(b) Rewrite the van der Waals equation of state in terms of the reduced variable Vr
A copper bar 2 m long has a circular cross section of radius 1 cm. One end is kept at 100oC and the other end is kept at 0oC. The surface of the bar is insulated so that there is negligible heat loss
A 20 x 30-ft slab of insulation has an R factor of 11. How much heat (in Btu per hour) is conducted through the slab if the temperature on one side is 68oF and that on the other side is 30oF?
Two metal cubes with 3-cm edges, one copper (Cu) and one aluminum (Al), are arranged as shown in figure. Find (a) The thermal resistance of each cube, (b) The thermal resistance of the two-cube
The cubes in Problem 29 are rearranged in parallel as shown in figure. Find (a) The thermal current carried by each cube from one side to the other, (b) The total thermal current, and (c) The
A spherical shell of thermal conductivity k?has inside radius r1 and outside radius r2 (figure). The inside of the shell is held at a temperature T1, and the outside at temperature T2. In this
A group of anthropologists is staying in the high Arctic for a month, and they need accommodation. They are directed to a small company, Inuit Igloos. "How thick do you want the walls?" asks Inuk,
For a boiler at a power station, heat must be transferred to boiling water at the rate of 3 GW. The boiling water passes through copper pipes having a wall thickness of 4.0 mm and a surface area of
A steam pipe of length L is insulated with a layer of material of thermal conductivity k. Find the rate of heat transfer if the temperature outside the insulation is t1 , the temperature inside
Brine at –16oC circulating through copper pipes with walls 1.5 mm thick is used to keep a cold room at 0oC. The diameter of each pipe is very large compared to the thickness of its walls. By what
Calculate λmax for a human blackbody radiator, assuming the surface temperature of the skin to be 33oC.
The heating wires of a 1-kW electric heater are red hot at a temperature of 900oC. Assuming that 100% of the heat output is due to radiation and that the wires act as blackbody radiators, what is the
A blackened, solid copper sphere of radius 4.0 cm hangs in a vacuum in an enclosure whose walls have a temperature of 20oC. If the sphere is initially at 0oC, find the rate at which its temperature
The surface temperature of the filament of an incandescent lamp is 1300oC. If the electric power input is doubled, what will the temperature become?
Liquid helium is stored at its boiling point (4.2 K) in a spherical can that is separated by a vacuum space from a surrounding shield that is maintained at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K).
A steel tape is placed around the earth at the equator when the temperature is 0oC. What will the clearance between the tape and the ground (assumed to be uniform) be if the temperature of the tape
Use the result of Problem 31 (Equation 21-22) to calculate the wall thickness of the hemispherical igloo of Problem 32 without assuming that the inner surface area equals the outer surface area.
Show that change in the density of an isotropic material due to an increase in temperature ∆βT is given by ∆r = – βρ ∆T.
The solar constant is the power received from the sun per unit area perpendicular to the sun's rays at the mean distance of the earth from the sun. Its value at the upper atmosphere of the earth is
Lou has patented a cooking timer, which he is marketing as "Nature's Way: Taking You Back To Simpler Times." The timer consists of a 28-cm copper rod having a 5.0-cm diameter. Just as the lower end
To determine the R value of insulating material that comes in sheets of ½ s-in thickness you construct a cubical box of 12 in per side and place a thermometer and a 100-W heater inside the box.
A 2-cm-thick copper sheet is pressed against a sheet of aluminum. What should be the thickness of the aluminum sheet so that the temperature of the copper–aluminum interface is (T1 + T2)/2, where
At a temperature of 20oC, a steel bar of radius 2.2 cm and length 60 cm is jammed horizontally perpendicular between two vertical concrete walls. With a blowtorch, the temperature of the bar is
(a) From the definition of b, the coefficient of volume expansion (at constant pressure), show that β = 1/T for an ideal gas.(b) The experimentally determined value of β for N2 gas
One way to construct a device with two points whose separation remains the same in spite of temperature changes is to bolt together one end of two rods having different coefficients of linear
On the average, the temperature of the earth's crust increases 1.0 Co for every 30 m of depth. The average thermal conductivity of the earth's crust is 0.74 J/m ∙ s ∙ K. What is the heat loss of
A copper-bottomed saucepan containing 0.8 L of boiling water boils dry in 10 min. Assuming that all the heat flows through the flat copper bottom, which has a diameter of 15 cm and a thickness of 3.0
A hot-water tank of cylindrical shape has an inside diameter of 0.55 m and inside height of 1.2 m. The tank is enclosed with a 5-cm-thick insulating layer of glass wool whose thermal conductivity is
The diameter of a rod is given by d = do (1 + ax), where a is a constant and x is the distance from one end. If the thermal conductivity of the material is k what is the thermal resistance of the rod
A solid disk of radius R and mass M is spinning in a frictionless environment with angular velocity w1 at temperature T1. The temperature of the disk is then changed to T2. Express the angular
A small pond has a layer of ice 1 cm thick floating on its surface.(a) If the air temperature is –10oC, find the rate in centimeters per hour at which ice is added to the bottom of the layer. The
A body initially at a temperature Ti cools by convection and radiation in a room where the temperature is T0. The body obeys Newton's law of cooling, which can be written dQ/dt = hA(T – T0 ),where
Two 200-g copper containers, each holding 0.7 L of water, are connected by a 10-cm copper rod of cross-sectional area 1.5 cm2. Initially, one container is at 60oC; the second is maintained at
Liquid helium is stored in containers fitted with 7-cm-thick "superinsulation" consisting of a large number of layers of very thin aluminized Mylar sheets. The rate of evaporation of liquid in a
(Multiple choice)(1)A large sheet of metal has a hole cut in the middle of it. When the sheet is heated, the area of the hole will(a) Not change.(b) Always increase.(c) Always decrease.(d) Increase
We lagged wire of length L and Cross-sectional area A has its ends maintained at temperatures T1 and T2. The thermal conductivity of the wire is given byK =B + CTWhere T is the temperature and B and
A light bulb filament is constructed from 2 cm of tungsten wire of diameter 50 μm and is enclosed in an evacuated glass bulb. What temperature does the filament reach when it is operated at a power
A small spherical satellite is in circular orbit round the Sun. The Sun subtends at the satellite a solid angle of 7 × 10–5 steradians, and the temperature of the satellite is uniform. Assuming
A frictionless piston of mass m is a precise fit in the vertical cylindrical neck of a large container of volume V. the container is filled with a gas and there is a vacuum above the piston. The
A cylinder with adiabatic walls is closed at both ends and is divided into two volumes by a frictionless piston that is also thermally insulating. Initially, the volume, pressure and temperature of
The internal combustion petrol engine can be modeled on the Otto cycle, the four stages consist of(a) An adiabatic compression from V1 to V2, (b) An isochoric (constant volume) pressure increase,(c)
A monatomic gas of molecular weight M is held at low pressure and temperature T. The velocity distribution function has the form Write down the value of ?, and derive the form of the energy
Explain why the distribution of speeds of molecules emerging through a small hole in an effusive molecular beam source is not a Maxwellian distribution
The distribution of molecular velocities may be written Where P(vx)dvx is the probability that a molecule will have a velocity component (in the x-direction) in the range vx to vx + dvx, m is the
Estimate the height at which atmospheric pressure is half the value at sea level, making clear your assumptions
According to simple kinetic theory the thermal conductivity of a gas is given by the expressionK = 1/3cvλExplain the meaning of the symbols on the right-hand side of this equation and use it to show
Water boils at 100o C at sea level and at 83oC on a mountain 5 km in height. Estimate the latent heat of vaporization per mole of water. (For simplicity assume that air consists of a single molecular
A gas obeyingp(V – b) = RTHas a heat capacity per mole, at constant volume, of Cv, (a) Write down Maxwell’s relations, and use them to show that the internal energy U is a function only of T by
1. How can you determine if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with each other if it is impossible to put them into thermal contact with each other?2. Which is greater, an increase in temperature
1. By what factor must the absolute temperature of a gas be increased to double the rms speed of its molecules?2. What is the difference between 1oC and 1 Co?3. Figure shows a plot of pressure versus
A gas is kept at constant pressure. If its temperature is changed from 50 to 100oC, by what factor does the volume change?
A container with a volume of 6.0 L holds 10 g of liquid helium. As the container warms to room temperature, what is the pressure exerted by the gas on its walls?
In one model of a solid, the material is assumed to consist of a regular array of atoms in which each atom has a fixed equilibrium position and is connected by springs to its neighbors. Each atom can
1. The temperature of the interior of the sun is said to be about 107 degrees. Do you think that this is degrees Celsius or kelvins, or does it matter?2 .Two different gases are at the same
Body A has twice the mass and twice the specific heat of body B. If they are supplied with equal amounts of heat, how do the subsequent changes in their temperatures compare?
A solar home contains 105 kg of concrete (specific heat = 1.00 kJ/kg · K). How much heat is given off by the concrete when it cools from 25 to 20°C?
How many calories must be supplied to 60 g of ice at -10°C to melt it and raise the temperature of the water to 40°C?
How much heat must be removed when 100 g of steam at 150°C is cooled and frozen into 100 g of ice at 0°C? (Take the specific heat of steam to be 2.01 kJ/kg·K.)
1. Joule's experiment establishing the mechanical equivalence of heat involved the conversion of mechanical energy into internal energy. Give some examples of the internal energy of a system being
1. An ideal gas undergoes a process during which P√V = constant and the volume of the gas decreases. What happens to the temperature?2. After a potato wrapped in aluminum foil has been baked in an
1. How does friction in an engine affect its efficiency?2. John is house-sitting for a friend who keeps delicate plants in her kitchen. She warns John not to let the room get too warm or the plants
1. What is the change in entropy of 1 mol of water at 0°C that freezes?2. What is the change in entropy of 1.0 kg of ice when it changes to water at 0°C and a pressure of 1 atm?
1. What is the change in entropy of 1.0 kg of water when it changes to steam at 100°C and a pressure of 1 atm?2. What is the change in entropy of 1 mol of water at 0°C that freezes?
1. Why does the mercury level first decrease slightly when a thermometer is placed in warm water?2. Which gases in Figure cannot be liquefied by applying pressure at 20°C?
1. In a cool room, a metal or marble table top feels much colder to the touch than a wood surface does even though they are at the same temperature. Why?2. Which heat-transfer mechanism is important
What mass of steam at 100°C must be mixed with 150 g of ice at its melting point, in a thermally insulated container, to produce liquid water at 50°C?
Suppose 200 J of work is done on a system and 70.0 cal is extracted from the system as heat. In the sense of the first law of thermodynamics, what are the values (including algebraic signs) of(a)
Gas held within a chamber passes through the cycle shown in Figure. Determine the energy transferred by the system as heat during process CA if the energy added as heat QAB during process AB is 20.0
Figure represents a closed cycle for a gas (the figure is not drawn to scale). The change in the internal energy of the gas as it moves from a to c along the path abc is –200 J. As it
A lab sample of gas is taken through cycle abca shown in the p–V diagram of Figure. The net work done is +1.2 J. Along path ab, the change in the internal energy is +3.0 J and the
Figure shows the cross section of a wall made of three layers. The layer thicknesses are L1, L2 = 0.700L1 and L3 = 0.350L1. The thermal conductivities are k1, k2 =
Leidenfrost effect. A water drop that is slung onto a skillet with a temperature between 100°C and about 200°C will last about 1 s. However, if the skillet is much hotter, the drop can last several
Gold has a molar mass of 197 g/mol.(a) How many moles of gold are in a 2.50 g sample of pure gold?(b) How many atoms are in the sample?
Figure shows a hypothetical speed distribution for particles of a certain gas: P(v) = Cv2 for 0 v0. Find(a) An expression for C in terms of v0,(b) The average speed of the particles, and(c) Their
A 2.50 mol sample of an ideal gas expands reversibly and isothermally at 360 K until its volume is doubled. What is the increase in entropy of the gas?
In Figure, where V23 = 3.00V1, n moles of a diatomic ideal gas are taken through the cycle with the molecules rotating but not oscillating. What are(a) p2/p1,(b) p3/p1 and(c)
Expand 1.00 mol of an monatomic gas initially at 5.00 kPa and 600 K from initial volume Vi = 1.00 m3 to final volume Vf = 2.00 m3. At any instant during the expansion, the pressure p and volume V of
An insulated Thermos contains 130 g of water at 80.0°C. You put in a 12.0 g ice cube at 0°C to form a system of ice + original water.(a) What is the equilibrium temperature of the system? What are
Repeat Problem 57, with the pressure now kept constant.
Suppose you are hiking down the Grand Canyon. At the top, the temperature early in the morning is a cool 3°C. By late afternoon, the temperature at the bottom of the canyon has warmed to a
Dermatologists often remove small precancerous skin lesions by freezing them quickly with liquid nitrogen, which has a temperature of 77 K. What is this temperature on the (a) Celsius and (b)
On the Rankine temperature scale, which is sometimes used in engineering applications, the ice point is at 491.67°R and the steam point is at 671.67°R. Determine a relationship (analogous to
A steel aircraft carrier is 370 m long when moving through the icy North Atlantic at a temperature of 2.0°C. By how much does the carrier lengthen when it is traveling in the warm Mediterranean Sea
When the temperature of a coin is raised by 75C°, the coin’s diameter increases by 2.3 × 10-5 m. If the original diameter of the coin is 1.8 × 10-2 m find the coefficient of linear expansion.
A simple pendulum consists of a ball connected to one end of a thin brass wire. The period of the pendulum is 2.0000 s. The temperature rises by 140 C°, and the length of the wire increases.
A steel ruler is calibrated to read true at 20.0°C. A draftsman uses the ruler at 40.0°C to draw a line on a 40.0°C copper plate. As indicated on the warm ruler, the length of the line is 0.50 m.
A copper kettle contains water at 24°C. When the water is heated to its boiling point of 100.0°C, the volume of the kettle expands by 1.2 × 10-5 m3. Determine the volume of the kettle at 24°C.
Suppose that the steel gas tank in your car is completely filled when the temperature is 17°C. How many gallons will spill out of the twenty-gallon tank when the temperature rises to 35°C?

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