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physics
thermodynamics

Questions and Answers of Thermodynamics

An ideal gas is enclosed in a cylinder that has a movable piston on top. The piston has a mass m and an area A and is free to slide up and down, keeping the pressure of the gas constant. How much
One mole of an ideal gas is heated slowly so that it goes from the PV state (Pi , Vi) to (3Pi, 3Vi) in such a way that the pressure is directly proportional to the volume. (a) How much work is done
A gas is compressed at a constant pressure of 0.800 atm from 9.00 L to 2.00 L. In the process, 400 J of energy leaves the gas by heat. (a) What is the work done on the gas? (b) What is the change
A thermodynamic system undergoes a process in which its internal energy decreases by 500 J. At the same time, 220 J of work is done on the system. Find the energy transferred to or from it by heat.
A gas is taken through the cyclic process described in Figure P20.30. (a) Find the net energy transferred to the system by heat during one complete cycle. (b) What If? If the cycle is
Consider the cyclic process depicted in Figure P20.30. If Q is negative for the process BC and ΔEint is negative for the process CA, what are the signs of Q, W, and ΔEint that are
A sample of an ideal gas goes through the process shown in Figure P20.32. From A to B, the process is adiabatic; from B to C, it is isobaric with 100 kJ of energy entering the system by heat. From C
A sample of an ideal gas is in a vertical cylinder fitted with a piston. As 5.79 kJ of energy is transferred to the gas by heat to raise its temperature, the weight on the piston is adjusted so that
One mole of an ideal gas does 3 000 J of work
An ideal gas initially at 300 K undergoes an isobaric expansion at 2.50 kPa. If the volume increases from 1.00 m3 to 3.00 m3 and 12.5 kJ is transferred to the gas by heat, what are (a) the change in
A 1.00-kg block of aluminum is heated at atmospheric pressure so that its temperature increases from 22.0°C to 40.0°C. Find (a) The work done on the aluminum, (b) The energy added to it by heat
How much work is done on the steam when 1.00 mol of water at 100°C boils and becomes 1.00 mol of steam at 100°C at 1.00 atm pressure? Assuming the steam to behave as an ideal gas, determine the
An ideal gas initially at Pi, Vi, and Ti is taken through a cycle as in Figure P20.38. (a) Find the net work done on the gas per cycle. (b) What is the net energy added by heat to the system per
A 2.00-mol sample of helium gas initially at 300 K and 0.400 atm is compressed isothermally to 1.20 atm. noting that the helium behaves as an ideal gas, find (a) The final volume of the gas, (b)
In Figure P20.40, the change in internal energy of a gas that is taken from A to C is "800 + J. The work done on the gas along path ABC is - 500 J. (a) How much energy must be added to the system
A box with a total surface area of 1.20 m2 and a wall thickness of 4.00 cm is made of an insulating material. A 10.0-W electric heater inside the box maintains the inside temperature at 15.0°C above
A glass window pane has an area of 3.00 m2 and a thickness of 0.600 cm. If the temperature difference between its faces is 25.0°C, what is the rate of energy transfer by conduction through the
A bar of gold is in thermal contact with a bar of silver of the same length and area (Fig. P20.43). One end of the compound bar is maintained at 80.0°C while the opposite end is at 30.0°C. When the
A thermal window with an area of 6.00 m2 is constructed of two layers of glass, each 4.00 mm thick, and separated from each other by an air space of 5.00 mm. If the inside surface is at 20.0°C and
A power transistor is a solid-state electronic device. Assume that energy entering the device at the rate of 1.50 W by electrical transmission causes the internal energy of the device to increase.
Calculate the R value of (a) a window made of a single pane of flat glass ⅛ in. thick, and (b) A thermal window made of two single panes each ⅛ in. thick and separated by a ¼ in air
The surface of the Sun has a temperature of about 5 800 K. The radius of the Sun is 6.96 X 108 m. Calculate the total energy radiated by the Sun each second. Assume that the emissivity of the Sun is
A large hot pizza floats in outer space. What is the order of magnitude of (a) Its rate of energy loss? (b) Its rate of temperature change? List the quantities you estimate and the value you
The tungsten filament of a certain 100-W light bulb radiates 2.00 W of light. (The other 98 W is carried away by convection and conduction.) The filament has a surface area of 0.250 mm2 and an
At high noon, the Sun delivers 1 000 W to each square meter of a blacktop road. If the hot asphalt loses energy only by radiation, what is its equilibrium temperature?
The intensity of solar radiation reaching the top of the Earth’s atmosphere is 1 340 W/m2. The temperature of the Earth is affected by the so-called greenhouse effect of the atmosphere. That effect
Liquid nitrogen with a mass of 100 g at 77.3 K is stirred into a beaker containing 200 g of 5.00°C water. If the nitrogen leaves the solution as soon as it turns to gas, how much water freezes? (The
A 75.0-kg cross-country skier moves across the snow (Fig. P20.53). The coefficient of friction between the skis and the snow is 0.200. Assume that all the snow beneath his skis is at 0°C and that
On a cold winter day you buy roasted chestnuts from a street vendor. Into the pocket of your down parka you put the change he gives you—coins constituting 9.00 g of copper at -12.0°C. Your pocket
An aluminum rod 0.500 m in length and with a cross-sectional area of 2.50 cm2 is inserted into a thermally insulated vessel containing liquid helium at 4.20 K. The rod is initially at 300 K. (a) If
A copper ring (with mass of 25.0 g, coefficient of linear expansion of 1.70 X 10-5 (°C)-1, and specific heat of 9.24 X 10-2 cal/g °C) has a diameter of 5.00 cm at its temperature of 15.0°C. A
A flow calorimeter is an apparatus used to measure the specific heat of a liquid. The technique of flow calorimetry involves measuring the temperature difference between the input and output points
One mole of an ideal gas is contained in a cylinder with a movable piston. The initial pressure, volume, and temperature are Pi, Vi, and Ti, respectively. Find the work done on the gas for the
One mole of an ideal gas, initially at 300 K, is cooled at constant volume so that the final pressure is one fourth of the initial pressure. Then the gas expands at constant pressure until it reaches
Continue the analysis of Problem 60 in Chapter 19. Following a collision between a large spacecraft and an asteroid, a copper disk of radius 28.0 m and thickness 1.20 m, at a temperature of 850°C,
A 670-kg meteorite happens to be composed of aluminum. When it is far from the Earth, its temperature is -15°C and it moves with a speed of 14.0 km/s relative to the Earth. As it crashes into the
An iron plate is held against an iron wheel so that a kinetic friction force of 50.0 N acts between the two pieces of metal. The relative speed at which the two surfaces slide over each other is 40.0
A solar cooker consists of a curved reflecting surface that concentrates sunlight onto the object to be warmed (Fig. P20.63), the solar power per unit area reaching the Earth’s surface at the
Water in an electric teakettle is boiling. The power absorbed by the water is 1.00 kW. Assuming that the pressure of vapor in the kettle equals atmospheric pressure, determine the speed of effusion
A cooking vessel on a slow burner contains 10.0 kg of water and an unknown mass of ice in equilibrium at 0°C at time t = 0. The temperature of the mixture is measured at various times, and the
(a) In air at 0°C, a 1.60-kg copper block at 0°C is set sliding at 2.50 m/s over a sheet of ice at 0°C. Friction brings the block to rest. Find the mass of the ice that melts. To describe the
The average thermal conductivity of the walls (including the windows) and roof of the house depicted in Figure P20.67 is 0.480 W/m °C, and their average thickness is 21.0 cm. The house is heated
A pond of water at 0°C is covered with a layer of ice 4.00 cm thick. If the air temperature stays constant at &10.0°C, how long does it take for the ice thickness to increase to 8.00 cm?
An ideal gas is carried through a thermodynamic cycle consisting of two isobaric and two isothermal processes as shown in Figure P20.69. Show that the net work done on the gas in the entire cycle is
The inside of a hollow cylinder is maintained at a temperature Ta while the outside is at a lower temperature, Tb (Fig. P20.70). The wall of the cylinder has a thermal conductivity k. Ignoring end
The passenger section of a jet airliner is in the shape of a cylindrical tube with a length of 35.0 m and an inner radius of 2.50 m. Its walls are lined with an insulating material 6.00 cm in
A student obtains the following data in a calorimetry experiment designed to measure the specific heat of aluminum: Initial temperature of Water and calorimeter: 70°C Mass of water:
During periods of high activity, the Sun has more sunspots than usual. Sunspots are cooler than the rest of the luminous layer of the Sun’s atmosphere (the photosphere). Paradoxically, the total
In 1801 Humphrey Davy rubbed together pieces of ice inside an ice-house. He took care that nothing in their environment was at a higher temperature than the rubbed pieces. He observed the production
Consider the opening photograph for Part 3 on page 578. Discuss the roles of conduction, convection, and radiation in the operation of the cooling fins on the support posts of the Alaskan oil
Clearly distinguish among temperature, heat, and internal energy.
Ethyl alcohol has about half the specific heat of water. If equal-mass samples of alcohol and water in separate beakers are supplied with the same amount of energy, compare the temperature increases
A small metal crucible is taken from a 200°C oven and immersed in a tub full of water at room temperature (this process is often referred to as quenching). What is the approximate final equilibrium
What is a major problem that arises in measuring specific heats if a sample with a temperature above 100°C is placed in water?
In a daring lecture demonstration, an instructor dips his wetted fingers into molten lead (327°C) and withdraws them quickly, without getting burned. How is this possible? (This is a dangerous
What is wrong with the following statement? “Given any two objects, the one with the higher temperature contains more heat.”
Why is a person able to remove a piece of dry aluminum foil from a hot oven with bare fingers, while a burn results if there is moisture on the foil?
The air temperature above coastal areas is profoundly influenced by the large specific heat of water. One reason is that the energy released when 1 m3 of water cools by 1°C will raise the
Concrete has a higher specific heat than soil. Use this fact to explain (partially) why cities have a higher average nighttime temperature than the surrounding countryside. If a city is hotter than
Using the first law of thermodynamics, explain why the total energy of an isolated system is always constant.
When a sealed Thermos bottle full of hot coffee is shaken, what are the changes, if any, in (a) the temperature of the coffee (b) the internal energy of the coffee?
Is it possible to convert internal energy to mechanical energy? Explain with examples.
The U.S. penny was formerly made mostly of copper and is now made of copper-coated zinc. Can a calorimetric experiment be devised to test for the metal content in a collection of pennies? If so,
Figure Q20.14 shows a pattern formed by snow on the roof of a barn. What causes the alternating pattern of snow-covered and exposed roof?
A tile floor in a bathroom may feel uncomfortably cold to your bare feet, but a carpeted floor in an adjoining room at the same temperature will feel warm. Why?
Why can potatoes be baked more quickly when a metal skewer has been inserted through them?
A piece of paper is wrapped around a rod made half of wood and half of copper. When held over a flame, the paper in contact with the wood burns but the half in contact with the metal does not.
Why do heavy draperies over the windows help keep a home cool in the summer, as well as warm in the winter?
If you wish to cook a piece of meat thoroughly on an open fire, why should you not use a high flame? (Note that carbon is a good thermal insulator.)
In an experimental house, Styrofoam beads were pumped into the air space between the panes of glass in double windows at night in the winter, and pumped out to holding bins during the day. How would
Pioneers stored fruits and vegetables in underground cellars. Discuss the advantages of this choice for a storage site.
The pioneers referred to in the last question found that a large tub of water placed in a storage cellar would prevent their food from freezing on really cold nights. Explain why this is so.
When camping in a canyon on a still night, one notices that as soon as the sun strikes the surrounding peaks, a breeze begins to stir. What causes the breeze?
Updrafts of air are familiar to all pilots and are used to keep non-motorized gliders aloft. What causes these currents?
If water is a poor thermal conductor, why can its temperature be raised quickly when it is placed over a flame?
Why is it more comfortable to hold a cup of hot tea by the handle rather than by wrapping your hands around the cup itself?
If you hold water in a paper cup over a flame, you can bring the water to a boil without burning the cup. How is this possible?
You need to pick up a very hot cooking pot in your kitchen. You have a pair of hot pads. Should you soak them in cold water or keep them dry, to be able to pick up the pot most comfortably?
Suppose you pour hot coffee for your guests, and one of them wants to drink it with cream, several minutes later, and then as warm as possible. In order to have the warmest coffee, should the person
Two identical cups both at room temperature are filled with the same amount of hot coffee. One cup contains a metal spoon, while the other does not. If you wait for several minutes, which of the two
A warning sign often seen on highways just before a bridge is “Caution—Bridge surface freezes before road surface.” Which of the three energy transfer processes discussed in Section 20.7 is
A professional physics teacher drops one marshmallow into a flask of liquid nitrogen, waits for the most energetic boiling to stop, fishes it out with tongs, shakes it off, pops it into his mouth,
In a 30.0-s interval, 500 hailstones strike a glass window of area 0.600 m2 at an angle of 45.0° to the window surface. Each hailstone has a mass of 5.00 g and moves with a speed of 8.00 m/s.
In a period of 1.00 s, 5.00 X 1023 nitrogen molecules strike a wall with an area of 8.00 cm2. If the molecules move with a speed of 300 m/s and strike the wall head-on in elastic collisions, what is
A sealed cubical container 20.0 cm on a side contains three times Avogadro’s number of molecules at a temperature of 20.0°C. Find the force exerted by the gas on one of the walls of the container.
A 2.00-mol sample of oxygen gas is confined to a 5.00-L vessel at a pressure of 8.00 atm. Find the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule under these conditions.
A spherical balloon of volume 4 000 cm3 contains helium at an (inside) pressure of 1.20 X 105 Pa. How many moles of helium are in the balloon if the average kinetic energy of the helium atoms is 3.60
Use the definition of Avogadro’s number to find the mass of a helium atom.
(a) How many atoms of helium gas fill a balloon having a diameter of 30.0 cm at 20.0°C and 1.00 atm? (b) What is the average kinetic energy of the helium atoms? (c) What is the root-mean-square
Given that the rms speed of a helium atom at a certain temperature is 1 350 m/s, find by proportion the rms speed of an oxygen (O2) molecule at this temperature. The molar mass of O2 is 32.0 g/mol,
A cylinder contains a mixture of helium and argon gas in equilibrium at 150°C. (a) What is the average kinetic energy for each type of gas molecule? (b) What is the root-mean-square speed of
A 5.00-L vessel contains nitrogen gas at 27.0°C and a pressure of 3.00 atm. Find (a) The total translational kinetic energy of the gas molecules and (b) The average kinetic energy per molecule.
(a) Show that 1 Pa = 1 J/m3. (b) Show that the density in space of the translational kinetic energy of an ideal gas is 3P/2.
Calculate the change in internal energy of 3.00 mol of helium gas when its temperature is increased by 2.00 K.
A 1.00-mol sample of air (a diatomic ideal gas) at 300 K, confined in a cylinder under a heavy piston, occupies a volume of 5.00 L. Compute the final volume of the gas after 4.40 kJ of energy is
A 1.00-mol sample of air (a diatomic ideal gas) at 300 K, confined in a cylinder under a heavy piston, occupies a volume of 5.00 L. Determine the final volume of the gas after 4.40 kJ of energy is
In a constant-volume process, 209 J of energy is transferred by heat to 1.00 mol of an ideal monatomic gas initially at 300 K. Find (a) The increase in internal energy of the gas, (b) The work
A house has well-insulated walls. It contains a volume of 100 m3 of air at 300 K. (a) Calculate the energy required to increase the temperature of this diatomic ideal gas by 1.00°C. (b) What If?
A piece of copper is dropped into a beaker of water. If the water’s temperature rises, what happens to the temperature of the copper? Under what conditions are the water and copper in thermal
In describing his upcoming trip to the Moon, and as portrayed in the movie Apollo 13 (Universal, 1995), astronaut Jim Lovell said, “I’ll be walking in a place where there’s a 400-degree

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