=+H0 is true and both n0 . 5 and n(1 2 0) . 5, the sampling distribution of p is approximately normal with mean value 0 and standard deviation 20(1 2 0)yn. This implies that a “large-sample”

test statistic is z 5 (p 2 0)y20(1 2 0)yn (i.e., we standardize p assuming that H0 is true); the P-value is calculated as was done in Section 8.1 for a z test concerning .