=+painful body parts reported by the individual. The RULA score is a rating of the individual’s posture, with lower numbers indicating better posture. Each score was determined both before and after the oral presentation intervention. (The textbook author who found this article did find that his own posture improved at least while he was typing this exercise in the manuscript.)

Measurement Sample Size Mean Difference

(After–Before)

SD of Difference MSD Score 21 .19 1.03 RULA Score 21 21.52 1.56