In a study by Wang et al. (A-6), researchers examined bone strength. They collected 10 cadaveric femurs from subjects in three age groups: young (19–49 years), middle-aged (50–69 years), and elderly (70 years or older) [Note: one value was missing in the middle-aged group]. One of the outcome measures (W) was the force in Newtons required to fracture the bone. The following table shows the data for the three age groups.

Young (Y) Middle-aged (MA) Elderly (E)

193.6 125.4 59.0 137.5 126.5 87.2 122.0 115.9 84.4 145.4 98.8 78.1 117.0 94.3 51.9 105.4 99.9 57.1 99.9 83.3 54.7 74.0 72.8 78.6 74.4 83.5 53.7 112.8 96.0 Source: Data provided courtesy of Xiaodu Wang, Ph.D.