Questions and Answers of Business Economics And Finance

Nonprofit organizations are termed nonprofit because they return financial profits to stockholders. TRUE OR FALSE
Directors and operators liability insurance offer financial protection to board members who are named in a lawsuit as a result of their board activities. TRUE OR FALSE
Governance and management are different terms for the same set of responsibilities. TRUE OR FALSE
Most hospital governing boards include equal numbers of physicians and nurses. TRUE OR FALSE
Develop a presentation to share with your peers that describes the various types of hospitals in the United States. What are the strengths and limitations of each type in terms of mission? Employment?
Define the following key terms:Academic medical center Ad hoc committees Advisory board or committee Budget surplus Charter Community benefit Community hospital Critical access hospital Directors and
What organizational structure do you see as optimal for nursing practice and why?
A colleague reports frustration at the number of vice presidents in her organization. What thoughts can you share about the roles of these vice presidents?
Virtue ethics A. Provides clear guidelines on how to proceed in morally challenging situations B. Focuses on character development C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
Kohlberg’s six stages of moral development suggest that the highest stages of moral development are rooted in A. Laws and rights B. Caring C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
The science of sustainability includes which of the following concepts?A. Distributional equity B. Expanded accountability horizons C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
Moral distress A. Is the same as a moral dilemma B. Can occur when an individual feel morally confident about the most appropriate route of action, but is thwarted from taking that action due to a
Elements of Rawls’s Theory of Justice include A. Decision-making from the original position within a veil of ignorance B. An emphasis on classic Aristotelian values such as courage C. Both A and B
Virtue ethics focuses on consequences and rule-based decision-making. TRUE OR FALSE
The term deontology is derived from the Greek term for duty. TRUE OR FALSE
One challenge with consequence-oriented ethical decision-making is that the individual may be harmed in an effort to maximize the good of the many. TRUE OR FALSE
Nurses use a variety of different ethical decision-making models in clinical settings. TRUE OR FALSE
Rawls’s approach to moral reasoning is defined as creating the greatest good for the greatest number of people. TRUE OR FALSE
Gilligan’s ethic of caring counters studies of moral reasoning that had been developed primarily using males as research subjects. TRUE OR FALSE
Moral eustress is another term for moral well-being following successful resolution of a situation of moral tension. TRUE OR FALSE
Another term for consequence-oriented ethical decision-making is deontology. TRUE OR FALSE
The American Nurses Association has published a Code of Ethics for Nurses. TRUE OR FALSE
One common example of nurses using consequence-oriented ethical decision-making is triage. TRUE OR FALSE
Describe the process you would use to develop a plan to direct the use of scarce resources during a pandemic.
Develop a presentation for your peers that details why cost containment, managing waste and overtreatment, and health reform are issues of ethics. Use ethics terminology.
Imagine you are working in a setting that is chronically short-staffed, and you worry that patient safety is compromised. What ethical principles are in conflict? Now develop a strategy for
Have you experienced moral distress in a work setting? What elements of the environment contributed? What organizational, structural, or other changes could have alleviated your distress?
Imagine a scenario in which you, the RN, perceive the patient to be receiving care of little value. What do you do? What ethical principles and decision-making approaches can help guide your actions?
What tools can nurses use to ensure that the care they are involved in is necessary?
Intergenerational justice A. May be negatively impacted when one U.S. age cohort receives health care and other services at the expense of another B. May be negatively impacted when women receive
Hospital-based preventable harm A. Over the past decade has dramatically diminished in the U.S.health care system B. Has both cost and ethical dimensions C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
Ethical tensions can exist when ethical principles suggest competing approaches: For example, a patient insists on a particular treatment that the provider feels will not benefit the patient, but
Classic universal principles of health care ethics include A. Autonomy B. Beneficence and nonmaleficence C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
Ethinomics A. Is a term coined by medical ethicist Merrill Mathews B. Refers to the convergence of economics and ethics in public policy C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
In fee-for-service reimbursement models, the hospital business case to maximize the amount of services used is at odds with the social need for lower health care costs. TRUE OR FALSE
The term nonmaleficence refers to “doing good.” TRUE OR FALSE
In general, health care providers have had little accountability for the broader impacts of their clinical decision-making on population health. TRUE OR FALSE
Overtreatment and overutilization of health care may worsen population health disparities because the cost of these services erodes the social capacity to invest in other segments of the economy such
In general, socioeconomic status is associated with educational attainment. TRUE OR FALSE
The term role fidelity refers to a professional’s moral obligation to be faithful to the responsibilities of the role. TRUE OR FALSE
An Ethics Framework for a Learning Health Care System, offered by Faden and colleagues, is similar to traditional universal principles of health care ethics because both include a moral obligation
Nurses are consistently rated as the most trusted professionals in the United States. TRUE OR FALSE
The term beneficence refers to the avoidance of doing harm. TRUE OR FALSE
One limitation of traditional universal principles of health care ethics is that they have focused on the impact of clinical decision-making on population health. TRUE OR FALSE
Prepare a presentation for your peers that details the pros and cons of considering economics in the ethics of health care.
Should patients be obligated to contribute to health care in the ways envisioned in the ethical model of Faden and colleagues? Justify your answer.
What does it mean for a nurse to be part of a learning health care system?What sort of learning and knowledge should they have? What sorts of contributions are essential?
Have you seen patients harmed by care? What system, policy, or practice changes could have prevented that harm?
What is the cost–benefit ratio of these forms of care? In other words, when you see care that makes a difference, what is given up for the cost of that care?
What forms of care do you see that make a tangible, substantive, long-term difference? What forms of care do you see as futile?
In a classic free market, buyers and sellers are free to A. Enter the marketplace B. Exit the marketplace C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
Federally qualified health centers A. Receive enhanced reimbursement from Medicare and Medicaid B. Must serve an otherwise underserved population C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
Hospital consolidations A. Have consistently decreased the cost of health care B. Have decreased competition among hospitals and as a result increased quality of care C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor
Certificate of Need legislation A. Attempts to restrain unnecessary growth of health care facilities B. Has been rescinded in all U.S. states, to comply with provisions in the Affordable Care Act C.
In health care, some facilities that would not be financially viable are subsidized to prevent their exit from the marketplace. TRUE OR FALSE
Integration of health services, unlike consolidation, redesigns care delivery to eliminate unnecessary duplication. TRUE OR FALSE
Antitrust law exists to ensure that no one buyer or seller is large enough to dominate the market and therefore disable the potential for market competition. TRUE OR FALSE
When an independent physician becomes a hospital-employed physician, the charge for that physician’s care may be higher due to the inclusion of an additional facility fee. TRUE OR FALSE
The passage of the Affordable Care Act has led to mergers among hospitals and other health care organizations. TRUE OR FALSE
In 2014, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission staff published a report critical of states’ restriction of nurse practitioner scope of practice because it is an inappropriate restraint of appropriate
Medical licenses are a form of monopoly. TRUE OR FALSE
Disproportionate share subsidies are provided to some health care organizations that treat a high proportion of individuals with commercial insurance. TRUE OR FALSE
Prepare a list of hospitals or health systems that have recently reorganized in your area. What patterns do you see? What forces served as an impetus? What has been the impact on nursing? What has
Define the following key terms:Antitrust law Certificate of Need Consolidation versus integration Facility fee Federally qualified health center Horizontal integration Vertical integration
Using an economic and market perspective, how would you argue for removal of state restrictions that stop nurses from practicing to the full extent of their preparation?
Why do some states retain Certificate of Need (CON) regulation and others do not?
Potentially, big data can support A. Comparative effectiveness research B. Personalized health care C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
Big data A. Enables comprehensive analyses and discovery of patterns that could not be discerned with a single data set B. Consistently includes nursing data entries C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
The use of quality metrics and measurement targets for reimbursement is an element of A. Fee-for-service reimbursement B. Accountable care shared savings programs C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
Shared decision making is A. A provision of the Affordable Care Act B. Defined as a collaborative process that allows patients and their provider to make health decisions together C. Both A and B D.
Barriers to considering cost in shared decision making between providers and patients include A. Patients may perceive the most expensive care as the best care B. Patients and providers are skilled
One ethical consideration in the use of patients’ personal health information in big data analyses is the protection of patient privacy. TRUE OR FALSE
One potential use of big data is to address clinical, research, and policy questions. TRUE OR FALSE
In health care, consumers can easily obtain information about the price and value of proposed treatments.. TRUE OR FALSE
Big data is characterized by volume, variety, and velocity, as well as velocity, veracity, and value. TRUE OR FALSE
High patient satisfaction has consistently been associated with high-quality patient outcomes. TRUE OR FALSE
Health care data and the use of quality metrics consistently improve the quality of care while decreasing cost. TRUE OR FALSE
A weakness of shared decision making models is the exclusion of patients’ values and wishes when planning a therapeutic approach to their care. TRUE OR FALSE
The same health care service provided by different providers always costs the patient the exact same amount.TRUE OR FALSE
The term price transparency refers to the degree to which the price of a product or service is readily evident.TRUE OR FALSE
One characteristic of a classic free market is that the consumer knows about the product or, alternatively, how to obtain information about the product.TRUE OR FALSE
Prepare a presentation for your peers that provides information on how to talk to patients about the cost of care within a framework of quality and overall value. Include opportunities for
Describe ways you have seen information used in the health care system. What recommendations would you offer to improve the flow and accuracy of health information?
Define the following key terms:AI Asymmetry of information Big data Data mining Data visualization Deep learning Informed decision making Machine learning Natural Language rocessing Price
You are responsible for developing a data science learning agenda for you peers. What skills do you define as essential? Develop a plan to obtain them.
What knowledge and skills prepare you to understand and apply big data in clinically relevant ways? What additional skills do you need? Develop a plan to obtain them.
What sorts of data would be useful to planning care strategies for a selected population of patients? How does planning for the population differ from planning for the individual? What sorts of data
Your neighbor is considering an elective surgery and notices that the available price information suggests that the procedure is nearly three times as expensive in Setting A than Setting B. The
Recall your first cell phone or the oldest cell phone you have seen.Then reflect on the most up-to-date phone you have seen. What features do you notice on the new phone? These features can be called
The concept of supplier-induced demand A. Was heralded by the work of Jack Wennberg B. Suggests that the supply of health care providers rather than genuine need for health care services drives at
The cost of health care A. Is borne by society in the financial form of taxes or insurance premiums B. Is actually revenue to the provider C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
Third-party payers A. Spread financial risk among individuals in the insurance pools B. Are called third parties because they are not the first or second party, that is, not the buyer or seller C.
Maximum out-of-pocket limits A. Cap the amount of health care costs an individual or family pays in a single year B. Were put into place with the passage of the Affordable Care Act C. Both A and B D.
Small-area variation A. Refers to differing patterns of health care utilization in one region as compared to another, differences that occur even when controlling for differences in the patients B.
Cost sharing A. Includes copayment and deductibles B. Is a strategy to encourage consumers of health care to consider the cost and value of care when using/purchasing health care services C. Both A
Cost sharing and cost shifting refer to the same phenomenon. True/False
The Affordable Care Act attempts to incentivize some care by removing the cost share for the service. True/False
Individuals with high-deductible health insurance plans uniformly have worse health outcomes than those with low-deductible health insurance plans. True/False
Need for health care services is a clearly defined phenomenon. True/False
The term asymmetry of information means that consumers have less information about health care options than physicians, and physicians can therefore influence demand for health services. True/False

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