The Cadet Honor Code among U.S. military academies is as follows: “A cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, or tolerate those who do.” Following the discovery of a cheating scandal at West Point during an online calculus exam in 2020 (refer to Reading 1.12 in Unit 1), many of the institution’s alumni were critical because those who admitted to having cheated avoided expulsion and most penalties. A professor was disappointed in the reaction of the alumni and offered, “I’m not making excuses for it, but the environment they lived in, none of us has ever dealt with that.”5 Is the professor offering a “pandemic pass” for cheating? Is the professor saying that Layer 4 made it impossible not to cheat? p-635