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business
management cost accounting

Questions and Answers of Management Cost Accounting

(a) From the data below, you are required:(i) To prepare a schedule to be presented to management showing for the mileages of 5000, 10 000, 15 000 and 30 000 miles per annum:1. Total variable cost;2.
Distinguish between, and provide an illustration of:(i) ‘Avoidable’ and ‘unavoidable’ costs;(ii) ‘Cost centres’ and ‘cost units’.
Opportunity cost and sunk cost are among the concepts of cost commonly discussed. You are required:(i) To define these terms precisely;(ii) To suggest for each of them situations in which the concept
It is commonly suggested that a management accounting system should be capable of supplying different measures of cost for different purposes. You are required to set out the main types of purpose
‘Costs may be classified in a variety of ways according to their nature and the information needs of management.’ Explain and discuss this statement, illustrating with examples of the
(a) Describe the role of the cost accountant in a manufacturing organization.(b) Explain whether you agree with each of the following statements:(i) ‘All direct costs are variable.’(ii)
Cost classifications used in costing include:(i) Period costs;(ii) Product costs;(iii) Variable costs;(iv) Opportunity costs.Required:Explain each of these classifications, with examples of the types
Prepare a report for the managing director of your company explaining how costs may be classified by their behaviour, with particular reference to the effects both on total and on unit costs. Your
A manufacturing company has four types of cost (identified as T1, T2, T3 and T4). The total cost for each type at two different production levels is: Which cost types would be classified as being
Fixed costs are conventionally deemed to be:(a) Constant per unit of output;(b) Constant in total when production volume changes;(c) Outside the control of management;(d) Those unaffected by
Which one of the following would be classified as indirect labour?(a) Assembly workers on a car production line;(b) Bricklayers in a house building company;(c) Machinists in a factory producing
Which ONE of the following costs would NOT be classified as a production overhead cost in a food processing company?(a) The cost of renting the factory building;(b) The salary of the factory
The audit fee paid by a manufacturing company would be classified by that company as:(a) A production overhead cost;(b) A selling and distribution cost;(c) A research and development cost;(d) An
Classify each of the following as being usually fixed (F), Variable (V), Semi-fixed (SF) or Semi-variable (SV):(i) Direct labour;(ii) Depreciation of machinery;(iii) Factory rental;(iv) Supplies and
Explain responsibility accounting.
Distinguish between incremental and marginal costs.
Explain the meaning of the term ‘sunk cost’.
Distinguish between relevant (avoidable) and irrelevant (unavoidable) costs and provide examples of each type of cost.
Explain the meaning of each of the following terms:(a) Variable costs, (b) Fixed costs, (c) Semi-fixed costs,(d) Semi-variable costs. Provide examples of costs for each of the four
Provide examples of decisions that require knowledge of how costs and revenues vary with different levels of activity.
Explain the meaning of the terms: (a) Prime cost, (b) Overheads,(c) Cost allocations.
Provide examples of each of the following: (a) Direct labour, (b) Indirect labour, (c) Direct materials, (d) Indirect materials,(e) Indirect expenses.
Define the meaning of the term ‘cost object’ and provide three examples of cost objects.
Describe the different functions of management accounting.
Explain why firms are beginning to concentrate on social responsibility and corporate ethics.
Describe each of the key success factors that companies should concentrate on to achieve customer satisfaction.
Explain how the business environment that businesses face has changed over the past decades and discuss how this has had an impact on management accounting.
Explain each of the elements of the decision-making, planning and control process.
Describe the differences between management accounting and financial accounting.
Identify and describe the different users of accounting information.
A large organization, with a well-developed cost centre system, is considering the introduction of profit centres and/or investment centres throughout the organization, where appropriate. As
1. Can you provide examples of accounting adjustments required to compute EVATM)?2. Why is EVATM) preferred to ROI?The financial mission of a company should be to invest and create cash flows in
1. Can you think of factors that might affect production, procurement, storage or transportation costs as referred to above?2. Given the apparently large number of factors taken into account by the
Can you think of the additional costs of holding increased rice stocks as suggested above?Safety or buffer stocks are held for many reasons. For example, road authorities might want to hold
1. Can you think of business reasons why increasing inventories in advance of a busy period is a good idea? What other busy periods might electronic/technology companies experience?2. Can you think
1. As a management accountant, do you think you would have a role in evaluating use of technologies such as IoT devices?2. Can you think how costs might be reduced by such technologies?Just-in-Time
1. Based on the information given, do you think it possible to develop a cost model to estimate costs of large scale projects such as the Lake Charles project?2. When the plant is operational, do you
A company is proposing the introduction of an activity-based costing (ABC) system as a basis for much of its management accounting information:(a) Briefly describe how ABC is different from a
1. Do you think a learning curve effect is at play in the manufacture of the PW1000G engines?2. Can you think of any reasons why any learning curve effect may have been slower than predicted?Modern
1. Do you think environmental costs and benefits can be accurately measured?2. Do issues such as the environment help management accountants become more strategically important members of the
1. Do you think technological developments will always be an issue for management accountants?2. Based on the brief summary above, what kinds of skills other than technical accounting training do
1. Provide examples of companies where most of their value can be attributed to intellectual capital rather than physical assets.2. What do you think are the key intellectual capital drivers of
Research on performance measurement in service businesses, reported in Management Accounting, found that ‘performance measurement often focuses on easily quantifiable aspects such as cost and
1. What practical difficulties might arise from determining the target cost using EVA(TM) target costing?2. Does the use of conventional (non-EVA(TM)) target costing mean that the cost of capital
How might activity costs for Insteel differ from departmental costs?Insteel Industries decided to implement ABM at the Andrews, South Carolina, plant. The ABM team analysed operations and identified
1. Do you think Boeing made changes to its assembly line to assist its lean manufacturing efforts?2. How might the JIT approach at Boeing help its customers (i.e. airlines)?The Boeing 737 jet is the
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Apple adopting a JIT system?2. What should be the main features of a management information system for a company that adopts a JIT manufacturing
1. Can management accountants do anything to help engineers and designers focus more on considering the cost of failures in quality and quality control?2. Can you list some of the internal and
How can an organization reduce its own costs and that of other organizations by sharing information within the value chain?For many companies their focus on cost reduction has been limited to the
1. Provide examples of how performance measures might promote the wrong behaviours.2. Why must performance measures be regularly reviewed and updated?The Globe and Mail(Canada) quotes an article
1. Do you think management accountants are involved in tax planning decisions such as those referred to above?2. Do you think tax avoidance is ever ethical? Is it sustainable?Across Europe, just how
1. Do you think it is always possible to establish an arm’s length/ market price?2. Would an arms’ length price be more difficult to establish in the provision of services?According to an article
1. How does the transfer pricing system overcome the limitations of marginal cost transfer pricing?2. Why is it important that capacity costs are taken into account when making pricing and product
1. Based on the above, is time waiting for or being processed through airport security a shorter term target or longer term? Could it ever be a shorter term performance measure?2. Do you think
1. Why might measures such as ROCE (also called ROI) continue to be used to determine executive remuneration even though the limitations of such measures have been highlighted for many years?2. Why
1. If the performance of a divisional manager at Siemens falls short of target due to external factors such as economic recession, should the manager be held accountable?2. How might the actual
1. What advantages does a divisionalized structure have for decision-making at Siemens?2. Would a divisionalized structure be suited to fast-food giant McDonalds?German global company Siemens AG had
What are the major issues to be addressed in developing a framework for managing organizational performance?
1. Looking at the internal key answer of €˜fast turnaround time€™, can Southwest always control this?2. Do you think performance measures like those in the Southwest scorecard are
1. Based on ZYSCO€™s BSC and strategy map, create a BSC for either the finance or sales departments.2. What problems might arise with ZYSCO seeking to link its compensation system with its
1. In industries like those described above, do you think the mix of ingredients used for products in monitored?2. Can you think of any reasons why a recipe including starch might produce different
Why has there recently been renewed interest in ZBB?
1. Can you think of an example of a business process/area where data analytics could help a small/medium company budget/plan better and achieve cost savings?2. Could big data/data analytics help in
1. Identify three significant advantages of rolling budgets.2. Identify three problems that are likely to be encountered when using rolling budgets.
(a) In the context of budgeting, provide definitions for four of the following terms:Aspiration level;Budgetary slack;Feedback;Zero-base budgeting;Responsibility accounting.(b) Discuss the
1. Can you think of any advantages of schemes or tools like those mentioned above?2. Can you think of any disadvantages? In a BBC documentary called Power to the People, Michael Portillo
What are the limitations of linking bonuses to meeting cost targets?Because of the previous lack of effective control of expenditure by the Han Dan Company, a system of responsibility accounting and
How might the dysfunctional effects of the performance system in the police force be minimized?Government crime-fighting targets are a shambles and should be scrapped, claims Chief Superintendent,
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a fixed budget as outlined above?2. What approaches can be taken to overcome the problems relating to fixed budgets?The British government has
1. Can you think of any type of business that might need to frequently update the standard cost of its materials?2. Do you think variance reporting would be more relevant to managers if standard
1. Do you think it is plausible to set standards for delivery of services, which are primarily dictated by cost?2. Is it possible to measure the delivery of a service (e.g. a mortgage application)
1. Do you think standards can be applied to procedures in hospitals?2. Do you think standard cost variance reports are useful in healthcare?Meditech South Africa (Pty) Ltd provides software solutions
The basic ideas justifying the use of activity- based costing (ABC) and activity-based budgeting (ABB) are well publicized, and the number of applications has increased. However, there are apparently
1. Assuming a non-African construction company is submitting its first ever price to bid for a road construction project in Africa, what special considerations might it need to consider in forming
1. Assuming the uranium by-product of a gold mine could be sold, how would an accountant consider whether or not it is worthwhile financially?2. What factors apart from cost might be considered in
1. Assuming paper mills decide to sell their sludge for a small fee, how might they account for the revenue generated?2. Can you think of any other ‘waste’ by-products that are re-used rather
1. Can you provide some examples of cost objects and activities that might be applicable to a swimming pool?2. How might the information produced by an ABC system be used in a leisure centre?
1. In some countries revenues may be received in a lump sum and are not assignable to individual diagnosis related groups. What role can ABC play in such organizations?2. Do you think many business
1. The first step in designing an ABC system is to identify the major activities in an organization. What are the major activities in a restaurant?2. What action should an organization take when the
1. Do you think Xu Ji Electric Co Ltd is a good example of a business where ABC might be useful?2. Can you think of some activities of Xu Ji Electric Co Ltd other than those stated above?
1. What do you think would be the risk appetite of a high technology company?2. What role might management accountants have in preparing a risk appetite statement?
1. Do you think management accountants should spend a lot of time trying to evaluate different risks?2. Do you think an assessment of effects would be a better approach to risk assessment and
1. Can management accountants/managers always identify and assess all risks a business may face?2. How can management accountants help boards better understand the risks an organization may face?
1. When evaluating an investment in energy generation solely on cost considerations, can a manager make the right decision?2. Thinking about the International Ferro Metals example given above, what
1. Why has the company used both net present value and internal rate of return, but ignored the payback, when undertaking the prefeasibility study?2. What steps can the company take to ensure that
1. What might affect the payback calculations on wind energy investments for a business and/or a household?2. In making a decision, should the business or householder look beyond the payback period?
1. Can you provide some examples of the costs and benefits that would be included in the investment appraisal?2. What are the disadvantages of using IRR and payback to evaluate the above alternatives?
1. Should low tax rates be the sole concern of businesses engaging in capital investments? List some other important factors.2. Should a company consider evaluating investments based on differing tax
1. How can more extensive and less extensive forms of forecasting be applied to appraising capital investment projects?2. What is the difference between estimates based on a range of key parameters
1. Other than the volume of oil or gas found, what factors might affect the return on investment for a particular drill site?2. Do you think oil and gas exploration companies are likely to
The traditional methods of cost allocation, cost apportionment and absorption into products are being challenged by some writers who claim that much information given to management is misleading when
1. Can you think of any reason why two customers who purchase equal volumes of equivalent products might be more or less profitable?2. What actions should a company take with its unprofitable
1. To what extent did cost-plus pricing contribute to the decline in total sales revenues?2. How might City Steel determine the price at which it sells steel?
1. Do devices like iPhones have differing prices during various stages of their life cycle?2. Can companies like Apple adopt price skimming policies? Why or why not?
1. Do you think large-scale providers like Amazon, Microsoft and IBM can influence prices of cloud computing in the longer term?2. What is your opinion on a long-term price of zero, as currently
1. Provide examples of firms in the retail and merchandising sectors where supply capacity constraints should be taken into account when making product mix decisions.2. What are the scarce/limiting
1. How can outsourcing change the cost structure of an organization?2. What are the major benefits and limitations of outsourcing?
1. How might management of the above supermarkets determine which stores should be closed?2. How might Asda management determine which stores to open?
How could the approach described above be applied in a service organization, such as the National Health Service?
Provide examples of other companies that have high and low degrees of operating leverage.

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